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      High-resolution protein structure determination by serial femtosecond crystallography.

      Science (New York, N.Y.)
      Animals, Crystallography, X-Ray, methods, Lasers, Muramidase, chemistry, radiation effects, Protein Conformation

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          Abstract

          Structure determination of proteins and other macromolecules has historically required the growth of high-quality crystals sufficiently large to diffract x-rays efficiently while withstanding radiation damage. We applied serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) using an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) to obtain high-resolution structural information from microcrystals (less than 1 micrometer by 1 micrometer by 3 micrometers) of the well-characterized model protein lysozyme. The agreement with synchrotron data demonstrates the immediate relevance of SFX for analyzing the structure of the large group of difficult-to-crystallize molecules.

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          Most cited references14

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          Automatic processing of rotation diffraction data from crystals of initially unknown symmetry and cell constants

          W Kabsch (1993)
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            Femtosecond electronic response of atoms to ultra-intense X-rays.

            An era of exploring the interactions of high-intensity, hard X-rays with matter has begun with the start-up of a hard-X-ray free-electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Understanding how electrons in matter respond to ultra-intense X-ray radiation is essential for all applications. Here we reveal the nature of the electronic response in a free atom to unprecedented high-intensity, short-wavelength, high-fluence radiation (respectively 10(18) W cm(-2), 1.5-0.6 nm, approximately 10(5) X-ray photons per A(2)). At this fluence, the neon target inevitably changes during the course of a single femtosecond-duration X-ray pulse-by sequentially ejecting electrons-to produce fully-stripped neon through absorption of six photons. Rapid photoejection of inner-shell electrons produces 'hollow' atoms and an intensity-induced X-ray transparency. Such transparency, due to the presence of inner-shell vacancies, can be induced in all atomic, molecular and condensed matter systems at high intensity. Quantitative comparison with theory allows us to extract LCLS fluence and pulse duration. Our successful modelling of X-ray/atom interactions using a straightforward rate equation approach augurs favourably for extension to complex systems.
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              CrystFEL: a software suite for snapshot serial crystallography

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                22653729
                3788707
                10.1126/science.1217737

                Chemistry
                Animals,Crystallography, X-Ray,methods,Lasers,Muramidase,chemistry,radiation effects,Protein Conformation

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