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      Altitudinal variations in wing morphology of Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) in Albania, the region where it was first recorded in Europe Translated title: Variations phénotypiques des ailes d’ Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) en fonction de l’altitude en Albanie, la région où il a été signalé pour la première fois en Europe

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          Abstract

          The rapid spread and settlement of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes across at least 28 countries in Europe, as well as several countries in Asia Minor, the Middle East and Africa, has made it one of the most invasive species of all time. Even though the biology of Ae. albopictus in its native tropical environment has been documented for a long time, the biology and ecology of this species in newly colonized temperate environments remain poorly known despite its important role as a vector for about twenty arboviruses. In this context, the main goals of this work were to investigate Ae. albopictus phenotypic variations at a local scale in Albania, the country where Ae. albopictus was first recorded in Europe, and to determine if its phenotypes could be affected by altitude. Analysis of Ae. albopictus wing phenotypes was performed using a geometric morphometric approach. We observed shape and size variations among altitudinal populations of Ae. albopictus. Differences of wing phenotypes were highlighted between altitude groups for male and female mosquitoes. The phenotypic variations observed in Ae. albopictus between altitudinal groups indicated these populations are exposed to environmental and ecological pressures. These results suggest the presence of phenotypic plasticity in this species.

          Translated abstract

          La propagation et l’établissement rapides du moustique Aedes albopictus dans au moins 28 pays d’Europe, ainsi que dans plusieurs pays d’Asie mineure, du Moyen-Orient et d’Afrique, en ont fait l’une des espèces les plus invasives de tous les temps. Bien que la biologie d’ Ae. albopictus dans son milieu tropical naturel soit documentée depuis longtemps, la biologie et l’écologie de cette espèce dans les milieux tempérés nouvellement colonisés restent mal connues malgré son rôle important de vecteur d’une vingtaine d’arbovirus. Dans ce contexte, les principaux objectifs de ce travail étaient d’étudier les variations phénotypiques d’ Ae. albopictus à l’échelle locale en Albanie, le pays où Ae. albopictus a été signalé pour la première fois en Europe, et de déterminer si ses phénotypes pourraient être affectés par l’altitude. L’analyse des phénotypes des ailes d’ Ae. albopictus a été effectuée en utilisant une approche de morphométrie géométrique. Nous avons observé des variations de forme et de taille parmi les populations altitudinales d’ Ae. albopictus. Des différences de phénotypes d’ailes ont été mises en évidence entre les groupes d’altitude pour les moustiques mâles et femelles. Les variations phénotypiques observées chez Ae. albopictus entre les groupes altitudinaux indiquent que ces populations sont exposées à des pressions environnementales et écologiques. Ces résultats suggèrent la présence d’une plasticité phénotypique chez cette espèce.

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          Most cited references50

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          Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus.

          N G Gratz (2004)
          The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), originally indigenous to South-east Asia, islands of the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean, has spread during recent decades to Africa, the mid-east, Europe and the Americas (north and south) after extending its range eastwards across Pacific islands during the early 20th century. The majority of introductions are apparently due to transportation of dormant eggs in tyres. Among public health authorities in the newly infested countries and those threatened with the introduction, there has been much concern that Ae. albopictus would lead to serious outbreaks of arbovirus diseases (Ae. albopictus is a competent vector for at least 22 arboviruses), notably dengue (all four serotypes) more commonly transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.). Results of many laboratory studies have shown that many arboviruses are readily transmitted by Ae. albopictus to laboratory animals and birds, and have frequently been isolated from wild-caught mosquitoes of this species, particularly in the Americas. As Ae. albopictus continues to spread, displacing Ae. aegypti in some areas, and is anthropophilic throughout its range, it is important to review the literature and attempt to predict whether the medical risks are as great as have been expressed in scientific journals and the popular press. Examination of the extensive literature indicates that Ae. albopictus probably serves as a maintenance vector of dengue in rural areas of dengue-endemic countries of South-east Asia and Pacific islands. Also Ae. albopictus transmits dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) in South-east Asia, south-eastern U.S.A. and both D. immitis and Dirofilaria repens (Raillet & Henry) in Italy. Despite the frequent isolation of dengue viruses from wild-caught mosquitoes, there is no evidence that Ae. albopictus is an important urban vector of dengue, except in a limited number of countries where Ae. aegypti is absent, i.e. parts of China, the Seychelles, historically in Japan and most recently in Hawaii. Further research is needed on the dynamics of the interaction between Ae. albopictus and other Stegomyia species. Surveillance must also be maintained on the vectorial role of Ae. albopictus in countries endemic for dengue and other arboviruses (e.g. Chikungunya, EEE, Ross River, WNV, LaCrosse and other California group viruses), for which it would be competent and ecologically suited to serve as a bridge vector.
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            • Record: found
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            MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics.

            Increasingly, data on shape are analysed in combination with molecular genetic or ecological information, so that tools for geometric morphometric analysis are required. Morphometric studies most often use the arrangements of morphological landmarks as the data source and extract shape information from them by Procrustes superimposition. The MorphoJ software combines this approach with a wide range of methods for shape analysis in different biological contexts. The program offers an integrated and user-friendly environment for standard multivariate analyses such as principal components, discriminant analysis and multivariate regression as well as specialized applications including phylogenetics, quantitative genetics and analyses of modularity in shape data. MorphoJ is written in Java and versions for the Windows, Macintosh and Unix/Linux platforms are freely available from http://www.flywings.org.uk/MorphoJ_page.htm. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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              The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus

              Dengue and chikungunya are increasing global public health concerns due to their rapid geographical spread and increasing disease burden. Knowledge of the contemporary distribution of their shared vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus remains incomplete and is complicated by an ongoing range expansion fuelled by increased global trade and travel. Mapping the global distribution of these vectors and the geographical determinants of their ranges is essential for public health planning. Here we compile the largest contemporary database for both species and pair it with relevant environmental variables predicting their global distribution. We show Aedes distributions to be the widest ever recorded; now extensive in all continents, including North America and Europe. These maps will help define the spatial limits of current autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses. It is only with this kind of rigorous entomological baseline that we can hope to project future health impacts of these viruses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.001
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                parasite
                https://www.parasite-journal.org
                Parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1776-1042
                06 September 2019
                2019
                06 September 2019
                06 September 2019
                : 26
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2019/01 )
                : 55
                Affiliations
                [1 ] UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224 – CNRS 5290 – Université de Montpellier), , 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France,
                [2 ] Department of Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, , Str. “Aleksandër Moisiu” No. 80, 1010 Tirana, Albania,
                [3 ] Southeast European Center for Surveillance and Control of Infectious Diseases (SECID), , Str. “Aleksandër Moisiu” No. 80, 1010 Tirana, Albania,
                [4 ] Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Vector Ecology Research Group Laboratories, Hacettepe University, , 06800 Ankara, Turkey,
                Author notes
                [a]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ]Corresponding author: jorian.prudhomme@ 123456hotmail.fr
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-2692
                Article
                parasite190040
                10.1051/parasite/2019053
                230c9d25-0d47-4bbe-b8f2-02f12dcbd0a2
                © J. Prudhomme et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 April 2019
                : 06 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                national-agreement-fr_2019
                yes
                Parasite 26, 55 (2019)
                2019
                2019
                2019

                Parasitology,Life sciences
                Aedes albopictus ,Altitudinal transect,Geometric morphometry,Albania
                Parasitology, Life sciences
                Aedes albopictus , Altitudinal transect, Geometric morphometry, Albania

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