Trastorno obsesivo compulsivo con tics motores y verbales, trastorno de acumulación y síndrome del acento extranjero sin afasia: comunicación de un caso y revisión bibliográfica

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Abstract

Informamos sobre un caso de trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC), con tics motores y verbales, conducta acumuladora y síndrome del acento extranjero (dialecto regional) sin afasia, en un nativo español diestro que presentó una hemorragia en ganglios basales izquierdos. Su TOC y conducta acumuladora, que precedieron a la hemorragia cerebral, se diagnosticaron a raíz de un ingreso hospitalario, ya que previamente no había estado en contacto con ningún servicio psiquiátrico. Una lesión limitada al núcleo estriado izquierdo le provocó una variante regional del síndrome del acento extranjero (SAE). El paciente respondió adecuadamente al tratamiento. En nuestro conocimiento, éste es el primer caso de SAE en un hispanoparlante y también en un individuo que presentaba previamente TOC, tics y conducta acumuladora. Revisamos la literatura científica de estos trastornos.

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Voxel-wise meta-analysis of grey matter changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Joaquim Radua, David Mataix-Cols (2009)

Specific cortico-striato-thalamic circuits are hypothesised to mediate the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but structural neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent. To conduct a meta-analysis of published and unpublished voxel-based morphometry studies in OCD. Twelve data-sets comprising 401 people with OCD and 376 healthy controls met inclusion criteria. A new improved voxel-based meta-analytic method, signed differential mapping (SDM), was developed to examine regions of increased and decreased grey matter volume in the OCD group v. control group. Results No between-group differences were found in global grey matter volumes. People with OCD had increased regional grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, as well as decreased volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri. A descriptive analysis of quartiles, a sensitivity analysis as well as analyses of subgroups further confirmed these findings. Meta-regression analyses showed that studies that included individuals with more severe OCD were significantly more likely to report increased grey matter volumes in the basal ganglia. No effect of current antidepressant treatment was observed. Conclusions The results support a dorsal prefrontal-striatal model of the disorder and raise the question of whether functional alterations in other brain regions commonly associated with OCD, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, may reflect secondary compensatory strategies. Whether the reported differences between participants with OCD and controls precede the onset of the symptoms and whether they are specific to OCD remains to be established.

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A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.

P Mathuranath, P Nestor, G E Berrios … (2000)

To validate a simple bedside test battery designed to detect mild dementia and differentiate AD from frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) is a 100-point test battery that assesses six cognitive domains. Of 210 new patients attending a memory clinic, 139 fulfilled inclusion criteria and comprised dementia (n = 115) and nondementia (n = 24) groups. The composite and the component scores on the ACE for the two groups were compared with those of 127 age- and education-matched controls. Norms and the probability of diagnosing dementia at different prevalence rates were calculated. To evaluate the ACE's ability to differentiate early AD from FTD, scores of the cases diagnosed with dementia with a Clinical Dementia Rating 3.2 for AD was highly discriminating. The ACE is a brief and reliable bedside instrument for early detection of dementia, and offers a simple objective index to differentiate AD and FTD in mildly demented patients.

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Altered corticostriatal functional connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Christos Pantelis, Joan Deus, Jose M. Menchon … (2009)

Neurobiological models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) emphasize disturbances in the function and connectivity of brain corticostriatal networks, or "loops." Although neuroimaging studies of patients have supported this network model of OCD, very few have applied measurements that are sensitive to brain connectivity features. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested the hypothesis that OCD is associated with disturbances in the functional connectivity of primarily ventral corticostriatal regions, measured from coherent spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Case-control cross-sectional study. Hospital referral OCD unit and magnetic resonance imaging facility. A total of 21 patients with OCD (10 men, 11 women) and 21 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and estimated intelligence. Voxelwise statistical parametric maps testing the strength of functional connectivity of 4 striatal seed regions of interest (dorsal caudate nucleus, ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens, dorsal putamen, and ventral putamen) with remaining brain areas. For both groups, there was a clear distinction in the pattern of cortical connectivity of dorsal and ventral striatal regions, consistent with the notion of segregated motor, associative, and limbic corticostriatal networks. Between groups, patients with OCD had significantly increased functional connectivity along a ventral corticostriatal axis, implicating the orbitofrontal cortex and surrounding areas. The specific strength of connectivity between the ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens and the anterior orbitofrontal cortex predicted patients' overall symptom severity (r(2) = 0.57; P < .001). Additionally, patients with OCD showed evidence of reduced functional connectivity of the dorsal striatum and lateral prefrontal cortex, and of the ventral striatum with the region of the midbrain ventral tegmental area. This study directly supports the hypothesis that OCD is associated with functional alterations of brain corticostriatal networks. Specifically, our findings emphasize abnormal and heightened functional connectivity of ventrolimbic corticostriatal regions in patients with OCD.