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      Frequent Hemodialysis Fistula Infectious Complications

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          Abstract

          Background

          Few studies have examined if infectious arteriovenous access complications vary with the cannulation technique and whether this is modified by dialysis frequency. We compared the infection rate between fistulas cannulated using buttonhole versus stepladder techniques for patients treated with short daily (SDH) or nocturnal hemodialysis at home (NHD). We also compared patients receiving conventional intermittent hemodialysis (CIHD) using stepladder cannulation.

          Methods

          Data were prospectively collected from 631 patients dialyzed with a fistula from 2001 to 2010 (Toronto and Ottawa, Canada). We compared the person-time incidence rate of bacteremia and local fistula infections using the exact binomial test.

          Results

          Forty-six (7.3%) patients received SDH (≥5 sessions/week, 2-4 h/session), 128 (20.3%) NHD (≥4 sessions/week, ≥5 h/session) and 457 (72%) CIHD (3 sessions/week, ≤4 h/session). Fifty percent of SDH and 72% of NHD patients used the buttonhole technique. There were 39 buttonhole-related bacteremias (rate: 0.196/1,000 fistula days) and at least 2 local buttonhole site infections. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 85% of the bacteremias. There were 5 (13%) infection-related hospitalizations and 3 (10%) serious metastatic infections, including fistula loss. In comparison, there was 1 possible fistula-related infection in CIHD during follow-up (rate: 0.002/1,000 fistula days).

          Conclusions

          The rate of buttonhole-related infections was high among patients on frequent hemodialysis and more than 50 times greater than that among patients on CIHD with the stepladder technique. Most bacteremias were due to S. aureus – with serious consequences. The risks and benefits of buttonhole cannulation require individual consideration with careful monitoring, prophylaxis and management.

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          Most cited references31

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          Clinical practice guidelines for vascular access.

          (2006)
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            EBPG on Vascular Access.

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              Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: problems and solutions.

              National guidelines promote increasing the prevalence of fistula use among hemodialysis patients. The prevalence of fistulas among hemodialysis patients reflects both national, regional, and local practice differences as well as patient-specific demographic and clinical factors. Increasing fistula prevalence requires increasing fistula placement, improving maturation of new fistulas, and enhancing long-term patency of mature fistulas for dialysis. Whether a patient receives a fistula depends on several factors: timing of referral for dialysis and vascular access, type of fistula placed, patient demographics, preference of the nephrologist, surgeon, and dialysis nurses, and vascular anatomy of the patient. Whether the placed fistula is useable for dialysis depends on additional factors, including adequacy of vessels, surgeon's experience, patient demographics, nursing skills, minimal acceptable dialysis blood flow, and attempts to revise immature fistulas. Whether a mature fistula achieves long-term patency depends on the ability to prevent and correct thrombosis. An optimal outcome is likely when there is (1) a multidisciplinary team approach to vascular access; (2) consensus about the goals among all interested parties (nephrologists, surgeons, radiologists, dialysis nurses, and patients); (3) early referral for placement of vascular access; (4) restriction of vascular access procedures to surgeons with demonstrable interest and experience; (5) routine, preoperative mapping of the patient's arteries and veins; (6) close, ongoing communication among the involved parties; and (7) prospective tracking of outcomes with continuous quality assessment. Implementing these measures is likely to increase the prevalence of fistulas in any given dialysis unit. However, differences among dialysis units are likely to persist because of differences in gender, race, and co-morbidity mix of the patient population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nephron Extra
                Nephron Extra
                NNE
                Nephron Extra
                S. Karger AG (Allschwilerstrasse 10, P.O. Box · Postfach · Case postale, CH–4009, Basel, Switzerland · Schweiz · Suisse, Phone: +41 61 306 11 11, Fax: +41 61 306 12 34, karger@karger.ch )
                1664-5529
                1664-5529
                Sep-Dec 2014
                14 October 2014
                14 October 2014
                : 4
                : 3
                : 159-167
                Affiliations
                [1] aDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada
                [2] bDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ont., Canada
                [3] cDivision of Nephrology, Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
                Author notes
                *Charmaine E. Lok, MD, MSc, FRCPC, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, 8NU-844, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4 (Canada), E-Mail charmaine.lok@ 123456uhn.ca
                Article
                nne-0004-0159
                10.1159/000366477
                4241642
                25473405
                1c7e340b-90bd-4c9e-b8c8-00b9488f5471
                Copyright © 2014 by S. Karger AG, Basel

                This is an Open Access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-NC) (www.karger.com/OA-license), applicable to the online version of the article only. Users may download, print and share this work on the Internet for noncommercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited, and a link to the original work on http://www.karger.com and the terms of this license are included in any shared versions.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 31, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Nephrology
                cannulation,fistula,infection,hemodialysis
                Nephrology
                cannulation, fistula, infection, hemodialysis

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