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      Description of the male of Xystromutilla bucki Suárez, 1960 ( Hymenoptera , Mutillidae ), including new information on the biology of the genus

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          Abstract

          The male of Xystromutilla bucki Suárez, 1960 is described and associated with the female based on couples reared from trap-nests occupied by Auplopus subaurarius Dreisbach, 1963 ( Hymenoptera : Pompilidae ). Information on the diapause of X. bucki and Pseudomethoca nr. chontalensis (Cameron, 1895) ( Hymenoptera : Mutillidae ) is presented. Seasonal and annual variation in the abundance of X. turrialba Casal, 1969 are also given.

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          Systema Piezatorum : secundum ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus / Ioh. Christ. Fabricii.

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            Insect disturbance stridulation: Its Defensive role

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              Phylogeny and higher classification of Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) based on morphological reanalyses

              This study aimed to resolve the differences in the two currently used classifications of Mutillidae, which differ in many respects. Cladistic analyses of 101 genera and subgenera of Mutillidae (represented by females of 253 species and males of 260 species) and four outgroups (pepsine Pompilidae, anthoboscine Tiphiidae and both fedtschenkiine and sapygine Sapygidae) based on 230 morphological characters treated in various ways, produced most-parsimonious trees which were in broad agreement but differed in many details. Evaluation of these results led to the proposal of a compromise tree which reflected each proposed taxon as monophyletic, while trying to keep disruptions to the current classifications to a minimum. The result differs from both previous classifications, and proposes the recognition of eight subfamilies: Myrmosinae (with the tribes Kudakrumiini and Myrmosini), Pseudophotopsidinae, Rhopalomutillinae, Ticoplinae (with the tribes Smicromyrmillini and Ticoplini), Sphaeropthalminae (with the tribes Sphaeropthalmini, Dasymutillini trib. n. , and Pseudomethocini with the subtribes Euspinoliina subtrib. n. and Pseudomethocina), Myrmillinae, Dasylabrinae (with the tribes Apteromutillini trib. n. and Dasylabrini) and Mutillinae (with the tribes Ctenotillini trib. n. , Smicromyrmini, Mutillini with the subtribes Ephutina and Mutillina, and Trogaspidiini). Notably, Myrmosinae were consistently strongly supported as monophyletic with the remaining Mutillidae (disagreeing with a recent molecular analysis), and thus retained as a mutillid subfamily. The placements of all currently valid genera and subgenera in the proposed classification are provided.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2021
                18 January 2021
                : 1011
                : 73-84
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Museo de Invertebrados G. B. Fairchild, Estafeta Universitaria Apartado 00017, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá 0824, Panama Universidad de Panamá Panamá Panama
                [2 ] Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Vespas e Abelhas, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Rua Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá 03, Vila Carli, 85040-080, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste Paraná Brazil
                [3 ] Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food & Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA Plant Pest Diagnostics Center, California Department of Food & Agriculture California United States of America
                [4 ] Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Av. José Ruschi n°4, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica Espírito Santo Brazil
                [5 ] Centro Universitário de União da Vitória – UNIUV – Avenida Bento Munhoz da Rocha Neto, 3856,84600-000, União da Vitória (PR), Brazil Centro Universitário de União da Vitória União da Vitória Brazil
                [6 ] Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Pontal do Paraná, Centro de Estudos do Mar Avenida Beira-mar, s/n CEP: 83255976 Pontal do Sul, Pontal do Parana, Paraná, Brazil Universidade Federal do Paraná Paraná Brazil
                [7 ] Collaborator, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica; and Estación Biológica Monteverde (EBM), Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica Puntarenas Costa Rica
                Author notes

                Academic editor: K. van Achterberg

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-6455
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8870-8155
                Article
                PMC7835193 PMC7835193 7835193 60944
                10.3897/zookeys.1011.60944
                7835193
                33551651
                afbd7ccb-6b65-459a-a676-51de04d6616e

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.

                History
                : 19 November 2020
                : 11 December 2020
                Categories
                Research Article
                Hymenoptera
                Mutillidae
                Ecology & Environmental sciences
                Systematics
                Cenozoic
                Americas

                Neotropical,seasonal abundance,velvet ants, Auplopus ,diapause,spider wasps, Pepsinae , Sphaeropthalminae , Pseudomethoca

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