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      Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support.

      American Journal of Public Health
      Acculturation, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, ethnology, prevention & control, Emigration and Immigration, Ethnic Groups, psychology, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Korea, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Ontario, Prejudice, Problem Solving, Social Adjustment, Social Support, Socioeconomic Factors

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          Abstract

          The authors evaluated the effects of cultural norms and social contexts on coping processes involved in dealing with perceived racial discrimination. Cross-sectional data derived from personal interviews with Korean immigrants residing in Toronto were analyzed. Among the respondents, active, problem-focused coping styles were more effective in reducing the impacts on depression of perceived discrimination, while frequent use of passive, emotion-focused coping had debilitating mental health effects. The present findings lend greater support to a social contextual explanation than to a cultural maintenance explanation of coping processes. They also suggest that, when empowered with sufficient social resources, racial minority individuals of diverse cultural heritages are more likely to confront than to accept racial bias.

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          Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination.

          This article examines the extent to which racial differences in socio-economic status (SES), social class and acute and chronic indicators of perceived discrimination, as well as general measures of stress can account for black-white differences in self-reported measures of physical and mental health. The observed racial differences in health were markedly reduced when adjusted for education and especially income. However, both perceived discrimination and more traditional measures of stress are related to health and play an incremental role in accounting for differences between the races in health status. These findings underscore the need for research efforts to identify the complex ways in which economic and non-economic forms of discrimination relate to each other and combine with socio-economic position and other risk factors and resources to affect health.
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            From psychological stress to the emotions: a history of changing outlooks.

            R Lazarus (1993)
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              Social capital and self-rated health: a contextual analysis.

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