Adolescent and Smoking-seeking Behaviour

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Abstract

Age at start smoking was a determinant factor of smoking-seeking behaviour in adulthood. This study investigated the association of smoking at adolescence age with Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) level and their nicotine-seeking behaviour in one of the campuses in Malaysia. Results showed that there was no correlation between age at start smoking and FTND level. Boredom, depression and anxiety lead them to smoke. Smoking rate and nicotine exposure duration could be the factors of a low level of FTND. Busy in daily life makes the respondent disregard about smoking.

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The association between active and passive smoking and frequent pain in a general population.

Ulla Toft, Torben Jørgensen, Joakim Zytphen-Adeler … (2010)

It is controversial whether the association between back pain, and other types of chronic pain, and smoking is causal or not. To examine the relationship between frequent pain and smoking, and between frequent pain and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in smokers and non-smokers. A randomised population-based study, Inter99 (1999-2006), Denmark. Subjects in the intervention groups (N=6784; participation rate=52.5%) completed self-report questionnaires. Cross-sectional data from baseline were analysed in adjusted logistic regression analyses to investigate the relationship between active and passive smoking and frequent pain in the back, abdomen, joints and head. Daily smokers reported significantly more frequent pain in every of the six locations, and in several, minimum three, locations (OR=1.98 (95%CI=1.6-2.4)) than never smokers. We found a dose-response relationship between frequent pain and intensity of both active and passive smoking (test-for-trend p<0.001). Those exposed to 5h or more of ETS reported significantly more frequent pain than those almost never exposed to ETS (non-smokers: OR=1.46 (95%CI=1.2-1.8), and smokers: OR=2.04(95%CI=1.4-3.0)). Also, an earlier smoking debut and an increasing number of pack-years increased the probability of frequent pain in daily smokers (test-for-trend p<0.05). We found significant association, dose-response and reversibility between active smoking and frequent pain in all six locations. Furthermore, we found that increasing intensity of ETS increased the probability of frequent pain in non-smokers, which has not been shown before. In conclusion, several findings in this study indicate a causal link between tobacco smoke and pain, which is supported by recent prospective studies. Copyright © 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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The association between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among first year college students.

Eric Donny, Donna Dierker, Jennifer S. Tiffany … (2007)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking behavior and DSM-IV nicotine dependence. Drawing on a sample of first year college students selected for representation across a continuum of smoking behavior, current DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria were assessed among participants reporting any smoking in the preceding week on a web-based survey protocol. Logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic analyses were used to estimate the overall concordance between smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence. Relationships were supported between both quantity and frequency of smoking in the past week and DSM-IV nicotine dependence showing higher prevalence of dependence at higher levels of use (p<0.05). While the highest prevalence of nicotine dependence was seen among those reporting the most frequent and heavy smoking, a substantial number of participants reporting daily and/or heavy smoking did not meet criteria for nicotine dependence. Conversely, nicotine dependence was seen among a subgroup of participants reporting relatively low levels of non-daily smoking. Diagnostic concordance was found to be moderate for both quantity and frequency and was not improved by combining information from these two indices. Aside from confirming DSM-IV nicotine dependence at relatively low levels of smoking, these results may be used to inform research aimed at identifying samples of nicotine dependent youth across the range of smoking levels.

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Tobacco dependence: adolescents' perspectives on the need to smoke.

J Shoveller, Pamela Ratner, Joan L Bottorff … (2003)

To address the need for a better understanding of the perspective of Canadian youths on tobacco dependence, a qualitative study using ethnographic techniques was conducted to describe the patterns of language that they use to describe tobacco dependence and the meaning that it has for them. The study was comprised of three inter-related phases: (1) A secondary analysis of 47 individual unstructured interviews with adolescents was completed to identify the words and phrases they use to explain tobacco dependence; (2) contrast and structural questions focusing on tobacco dependence were developed and used in open-ended interviews with 13 adolescents. Data analysis of the transcribed interviews resulted in a set of 60 key phrases that represented the primary ways youths describe the need to smoke; and (3) interviews were conducted with 14 adolescents that involved an open card sort using the set of 60 key phrases. All card sorts and transcribed interview data were analyzed to identify domains representing types of tobacco dependence and sub-types within each domain. From their descriptions about the need to smoke, five aspects of tobacco dependence were identified: social, pleasurable, empowering, emotional, and full-fledged. This study provides a step in elucidating the construct of tobacco dependence among the young. Further research is required to extend this understanding and to develop appropriate measures.