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      Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate Translated title: Leishmanioses et phlébotomes au Sultanat d’Oman

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          Abstract

          There are few data on leishmaniases and sandflies in Oman Sultanate. We carried out an eco-epidemiological study in 1998 in the two main mountains of the country, the Sharqiyah and the Dhofar. This study allowed us to isolate and identify three Leishmania strains from patients exhibiting cutaneous leishmaniasis. The typing carried out by isoenzymatic study and by molecular biology were congruent: two strains of Leishmania donovani zymodeme (Z) MON-31 isolated in the Sharqiyah and one L. tropica ZROM102 (ZMON-39 variant for 4 isoenzymes) from the Dhofar. No strain was isolated from canids. The study of sandflies identified 14 species distributed in the genera Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia and Grassomyia: Ph. papatasi, Ph. bergeroti, Ph. duboscqi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. saevus, Ph. sergenti, Se. fallax, Se. baghdadis, Se. cincta, Se. christophersi, Se. clydei, Se. tiberiadis, Se. africana, and Gr. dreyfussi. In Sharqiyah, the only candidate for the transmission of L. donovani was Ph. alexandri, but the low densities observed of this species do not argue in favor of any role. In Dhofar, Ph. sergenti is the most important proven vector of L. tropica, but Ph. saevus, a locally much more abundant species, constitutes a good candidate for transmission.

          Translated abstract

          Il existe peu de données sur les leishmanioses et les phlébotomes en Oman. Nous y avons mené en 1998 une étude éco-épidémiologique dans les deux principaux massifs montagneux du pays, la Sharqiyah et le Dhofar. Cette étude nous a permis d’isoler et d’identifier trois souches de Leishmania à partir de patients présentant des leishmanioses cutanées. Les typages menés par étude isoenzymatique et par biologie moléculaire ont été congruents : deux souches de Leishmania donovani ZMON-31 isolées dans la Sharqiyah et une de L. tropica ZROM102 (ZMON-39 variant pour 4 isoenzymes) originaire du Dhofar. Aucune souche n’a été isolée à partir de Canidés. L’étude des Phlébotomes a permis d’identifier 14 espèces réparties dans les genres Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia et Grassomyia : Ph. papatasi, Ph. bergeroti, Ph. duboscqi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. saevus, Ph. sergenti, Se. fallax, Se. baghdadis, Se. cincta, Se. christophersi, Se. clydei, Se. tiberiadis, Se. africana et Gr. dreyfussi. Dans la Sharqiyah, la seule espèce candidate à la transmission de L. donovani est Ph. alexandri mais les faibles densités observées de cette espèce ne plaident pas en faveur d’un quelconque rôle. Dans le Dhofar, Ph. sergenti est le principal vecteur prouvé de L. tropica mais Ph. saevus, espèce localement bien plus abondante, constitue une bonne espèce candidate à la transmission.

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          Most cited references87

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          Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence

          As part of a World Health Organization-led effort to update the empirical evidence base for the leishmaniases, national experts provided leishmaniasis case data for the last 5 years and information regarding treatment and control in their respective countries and a comprehensive literature review was conducted covering publications on leishmaniasis in 98 countries and three territories (see ‘Leishmaniasis Country Profiles Text S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14, S15, S16, S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27, S28, S29, S30, S31, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, S37, S38, S39, S40, S41, S42, S43, S44, S45, S46, S47, S48, S49, S50, S51, S52, S53, S54, S55, S56, S57, S58, S59, S60, S61, S62, S63, S64, S65, S66, S67, S68, S69, S70, S71, S72, S73, S74, S75, S76, S77, S78, S79, S80, S81, S82, S83, S84, S85, S86, S87, S88, S89, S90, S91, S92, S93, S94, S95, S96, S97, S98, S99, S100, S101’). Additional information was collated during meetings conducted at WHO regional level between 2007 and 2011. Two questionnaires regarding epidemiology and drug access were completed by experts and national program managers. Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts. Based on these estimates, approximately 0.2 to 0.4 cases and 0.7 to 1.2 million VL and CL cases, respectively, occur each year. More than 90% of global VL cases occur in six countries: India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Brazil. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is more widely distributed, with about one-third of cases occurring in each of three epidemiological regions, the Americas, the Mediterranean basin, and western Asia from the Middle East to Central Asia. The ten countries with the highest estimated case counts, Afghanistan, Algeria, Colombia, Brazil, Iran, Syria, Ethiopia, North Sudan, Costa Rica and Peru, together account for 70 to 75% of global estimated CL incidence. Mortality data were extremely sparse and generally represent hospital-based deaths only. Using an overall case-fatality rate of 10%, we reach a tentative estimate of 20,000 to 40,000 leishmaniasis deaths per year. Although the information is very poor in a number of countries, this is the first in-depth exercise to better estimate the real impact of leishmaniasis. These data should help to define control strategies and reinforce leishmaniasis advocacy.
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            Leishmaniasis

            Leishmaniasis is a poverty-related disease with two main clinical forms: visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. An estimated 0·7-1 million new cases of leishmaniasis per year are reported from nearly 100 endemic countries. The number of reported visceral leishmaniasis cases has decreased substantially in the past decade as a result of better access to diagnosis and treatment and more intense vector control within an elimination initiative in Asia, although natural cycles in transmission intensity might play a role. In east Africa however, the case numbers of this fatal disease continue to be sustained. Increased conflict in endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis and forced displacement has resulted in a surge in these endemic areas as well as clinics across the world. WHO lists leishmaniasis as one of the neglected tropical diseases for which the development of new treatments is a priority. Major evidence gaps remain, and new tools are needed before leishmaniasis can be definitively controlled.
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              Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review.

              R Killick (1989)
              An account is given of work published during the past 10 years incriminating species of phlebotomine sandflies as vectors of Leishmania species which infect man. An assessment is made of the degrees of certainty of the vectorial roles of eighty-one species and subspecies of sandflies (thirty-seven Old World and forty-four New World) in the transmission of twenty-nine leishmanial parasites of mammals. At least one species of sandfly is considered to be a proven vector of each of ten parasites. Of the eighty-one sandfly taxa, evidence is judged to be sufficient to incriminate nineteen as proven vectors (eleven Phlebotomus species and eight Lutzomyia species or subspecies) and evidence for a further fourteen (nine Phlebotomus species and five Lutzomyia species or subspecies) is considered to be strong. The suggested criteria for incrimination of a vector are anthropophily and common infection with the same leishmanial parasite as that found in man in the same place. More weight should be given to natural infections persisting after the digestion of a bloodmeal than those in the presence of blood. Supporting evidence is a concordance in the distribution of the fly and the disease in man, proof that the fly feeds regularly on the reservoir host, a flourishing development of the parasite in infected flies and the experimental transmission of the parasite by the bite of the fly.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                parasite
                https://www.parasite-journal.org
                Parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1776-1042
                30 November 2020
                2020
                27 November 2020
                27 November 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 68
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1, , 1 rue de l’Éencole de Médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France,
                [2 ] Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vector-borne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy,
                [3 ] Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA7510, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, , 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims cedex, France,
                [4 ] PATH OWH (formerly One World Health), , A-9, Qutub Institutional area, USO Road, New Delhi 110067, India,
                [5 ] ANSES, USC Transmission Vectorielle et Épidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), , 51100 Reims, France,
                [6 ] Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, , 51100 Reims, France,
                Author notes
                [†]

                in memoriam Prof Rioux passed away at the beginning of 2017 [ 29]. One month before his death, he met the last author. They analyzed together all the data and started writing this work. Feeling weakened, he asked the last author to finish writing this article in order to publish it in the journal Parasite.

                [* ]Corresponding author: jerome.depaquit@ 123456univ-reims.fr
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6995-0088
                Article
                parasite200118
                10.1051/parasite/2020064
                1c26d003-5d7f-42ea-9991-f07bec704787
                © J. Rioux et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 07 August 2020
                : 03 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 71, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Parasite 27, 68 (2020)
                2020
                2020
                2020
                yes

                Parasitology,Life sciences
                Eco-epidemiology,Leishmania isolation and typing,Patients,Phlebotomine sandflies,Oman

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