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      Psychological factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and coping mechanisms associated with the self-stigma of problem gambling

      research-article
      1 , * , 2
      Journal of Behavioral Addictions
      Akadémiai Kiadó
      self-stigma, problem gambling, coping, self-esteem

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          Few studies have examined the stigma of problem gambling and little is known about those who internalize this prejudice as damaging self-stigma. This paper aimed to identify psychological factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and coping mechanisms associated with the self-stigma of problem gambling.

          Methods

          An online survey was conducted on 177 Australian adults with a current gambling problem to measure self-stigma, self-esteem, social anxiety, self-consciousness, psychological distress, symptom severity, most problematic gambling form, stigma coping mechanisms, and sociodemographic characteristics.

          Results

          All variables significantly correlated with self-stigma were considered for inclusion in a regression model. A multivariate linear regression indicated that higher levels of self-stigma were associated with: being female, being older, lower self-esteem, higher problem gambling severity score, and greater use of secrecy (standardized coefficients: 0.16, 0.14, −0.33, 0.23, and 0.15, respectively). Strongest predictors in the model were self-esteem, followed by symptom severity score. Together, predictors in the model accounted for 38.9% of the variance in self-stigma.

          Discussion and conclusions

          These results suggest that the self-stigma of problem gambling may be driven by similar mechanisms as the self-stigma of other mental health disorders, and impact similarly on self-esteem and coping. Thus, self-stigma reduction initiatives used for other mental health conditions may be effective for problem gambling. In contrast, however, the self-stigma of problem gambling increased with female gender and older age, which are associated with gaming machine problems. This group should, therefore, be a target population for efforts to reduce or better cope with the self-stigma of problem gambling.

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          Most cited references53

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          The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: a cognitive-affective-behavioral model.

          Many assume that individuals with a hidden stigma escape the difficulties faced by individuals with a visible stigma. However, recent research has shown that individuals with a concealable stigma also face considerable stressors and psychological challenges. The ambiguity of social situations combined with the threat of potential discovery makes possessing a concealable stigma a difficult predicament for many individuals. The increasing amount of research on concealable stigmas necessitates a cohesive model for integrating relevant findings. This article offers a cognitive-affective-behavioral process model for understanding the psychological implications of concealing a stigma. It ends with discussion of potential points of intervention in the model as well as potential future routes for investigation of the model.
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            Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

            To present nationally representative data on lifetime prevalence and comorbidity of pathological gambling with other psychiatric disorders and to evaluate sex differences in the strength of the comorbid associations. Data were derived from a large national sample of the United States. Some 43,093 household and group quarters residents age 18 years and older participated in the 2001-2002 survey. Prevalence and associations of lifetime pathological gambling and other lifetime psychiatric disorders are presented. The diagnostic interview was the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. Fifteen symptom items operationalized the 10 pathological gambling criteria. The lifetime prevalence rate of pathological gambling was 0.42%. Almost three quarters (73.2%) of pathological gamblers had an alcohol use disorder, 38.1% had a drug use disorder, 60.4% had nicotine dependence, 49.6% had a mood disorder, 41.3% had an anxiety disorder, and 60.8% had a personality disorder. A large majority of the associations between pathological gambling and substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders were overwhelmingly positive and significant (p .05). Pathological gambling is highly comorbid with substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, suggesting that treatment for one condition should involve assessment and possible concomitant treatment for comorbid conditions.
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              Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Behav Addict
                J Behav Addict
                jba
                JBA
                Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                2062-5871
                2063-5303
                25 August 2017
                September 2017
                : 6
                : 3
                : 416-424
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University , Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
                [2 ]School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University , Sydney, NSW, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Nerilee Hing; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Locked Bag 3333, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia; Phone: +61 428 115 291; Fax: +61 7 4150 7080; E-mail: n.hing@ 123456cqu.edu.au
                Article
                10.1556/2006.6.2017.056
                5700730
                28849669
                1b6b9f4d-8d3c-4d38-b0b2-6be6d3bbd906
                © 2017 The Author(s)

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 21 April 2017
                : 02 August 2017
                : 07 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funding sources: Financial support for this study was received from the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation.
                Categories
                Full-Length Report

                self-stigma,problem gambling,coping,self-esteem
                self-stigma, problem gambling, coping, self-esteem

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