Characterization of different Capsicum varieties by evaluation of their capsaicinoids content by high performance liquid chromatography, determination of pungency and effect of high temperature.

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Abstract

The chili pepper is a very important plant used worldwide as a vegetable, as a spice, and as an external medicine. In this work, eight different varieties of Capsicum annuum L. have been characterized by their capsaicinoids content. The chili pepper fruits were cultivated in the Comarca Lagunera region in North of Mexico. The qualitative and quantitative determination of the major and minor capsaicinoids; alkaloids responsible for the pungency level, has been performed by a validated chromatographic procedure (HPLC-DAD) after a preliminary drying step and an opportune extraction procedure. Concentrations of total capsaicinoids varied from a not detectable value for Bell pepper to 31.84 mg g(-1) dried weight for Chiltepín. Samples were obtained from plants grown in experimental field and in greenhouse without temperature control, in order to evaluate temperature effect. Analysis of the two principal capsaicinoids in fruits showed that the amount of dihydrocapsaicin was always higher than capsaicin. In addition, our results showed that the content of total capsaicinoids for the varieties Serrano, Puya, Ancho, Guajillo and Bell pepper were increased with high temperature, while the content of total capsaicinoids and Scoville heat units (SHU) for the varieties De árbol and Jalapeño decreased. However, the pungency values found in this study were higher for all varieties analyzed than in other studies.

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Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination.

Ron Mittler (2006)

Farmers and breeders have long known that often it is the simultaneous occurrence of several abiotic stresses, rather than a particular stress condition, that is most lethal to crops. Surprisingly, the co-occurrence of different stresses is rarely addressed by molecular biologists that study plant acclimation. Recent studies have revealed that the response of plants to a combination of two different abiotic stresses is unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the response of plants to each of the different stresses applied individually. Tolerance to a combination of different stress conditions, particularly those that mimic the field environment, should be the focus of future research programs aimed at developing transgenic crops and plants with enhanced tolerance to naturally occurring environmental conditions.

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Physiological implications of metabolite biosynthesis for net assimilation and heat-stress tolerance of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) sprouts.

S. Wahid (2007)

Global increase in ambient temperature is a critical factor for plant growth. In order to study the changes in growth over short intervals, various primary and secondary metabolites, and their relationships with thermotolerance, 1-month-old sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) sprouts were grown under control conditions (28 degrees C) or under heat-stress conditions (40 degrees C), and measurements were made at six 12-h intervals. Heat stress greatly reduced dry matter and leaf area of sprouts initially but only nominally later on. Changes in the rates of relative growth and net assimilation were greater than relative leaf expansion, indicating an adverse effect of heat on assimilation of nutrients and CO(2) in producing dry matter. Although reduction in leaf water potential was an immediate response to heat, this effect was offset by early synthesis of free proline, glycinebetaine and soluble sugars (primary metabolites). Among secondary metabolites, anthocyanin synthesis was similar to primary metabolites; carotenoids and soluble phenolics accumulated later while chlorophyll remained unaffected. Relationships of growth attributes and metabolite levels, not seen in the controls, were evident under heat stress. In summary, observed changes in metabolite levels were spread over time and space and were crucial in improving net assimilation and heat tolerance of sugarcane.

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Capsaicin, a component of red peppers, inhibits the growth of androgen-independent, p53 mutant prostate cancer cells.

Milena Pervan, James O'Kelly, C Desmond … (2006)

Capsaicin is the major pungent ingredient in red peppers. Here, we report that it has a profound antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells, inducing the apoptosis of both androgen receptor (AR)-positive (LNCaP) and -negative (PC-3, DU-145) prostate cancer cell lines associated with an increase of p53, p21, and Bax. Capsaicin down-regulated the expression of not only prostate-specific antigen (PSA) but also AR. Promoter assays showed that capsaicin inhibited the ability of dihydrotestosterone to activate the PSA promoter/enhancer even in the presence of exogenous AR in LNCaP cells, suggesting that capsaicin inhibited the transcription of PSA not only via down-regulation of expression of AR, but also by a direct inhibitory effect on PSA transcription. Capsaicin inhibited NF-kappa activation by preventing its nuclear migration. In further studies, capsaicin inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated degradation of IkappaBalpha in PC-3 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of proteasome activity. Taken together, capsaicin inhibits proteasome activity which suppressed the degradation of IkappaBalpha, preventing the activation of NF-kappaB. Capsaicin, when given orally, significantly slowed the growth of PC-3 prostate cancer xenografts as measured by size [75 +/- 35 versus 336 +/- 123 mm(3) (+/-SD); P = 0.017] and weight [203 +/- 41 versus 373 +/- 52 mg (+/-SD); P = 0.0006; capsaicin-treated versus vehicle-treated mice, respectively]. In summary, our data suggests that capsaicin, or a related analogue, may have a role in the management of prostate cancer.

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Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules

Title: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049

ISSN (Print): 1420-3049

Publication date (Electronic): 2013

Volume: 18

Issue: 11

Affiliations

[1 ] Facultad de Agricultura y Zootecnia, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Km 35 Carretera Gómez Palacio-Tlahualilo, Ejido Venecia, CP 35111, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. luis_garher@hotmail.com.

Article

Publisher Item ID: molecules181113471

DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113471

PubMed ID: 24184818

SO-VID: 5188e2a5-5340-4315-a715-58dbf3fbc813

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Characterization of different Capsicum varieties by evaluation of their capsaicinoids content by high performance liquid chromatography, determination of pungency and effect of high temperature.

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Karger: Ophthalmology

Most cited references 54

Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination.

Physiological implications of metabolite biosynthesis for net assimilation and heat-stress tolerance of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) sprouts.

Capsaicin, a component of red peppers, inhibits the growth of androgen-independent, p53 mutant prostate cancer cells.

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