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      Call for Papers: Sex and Gender in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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      About Neurodegenerative Diseases: 3.0 Impact Factor I 4.3 CiteScore I 0.695 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      The anticipatory proportion as an indicator of language impairment in early-stage cognitive disorder in the elderly.

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          The anticipatory proportion (AP), the ratio between perseverative and anticipatory speech errors, is reduced in patients with brain injury. However, it is unknown whether the AP is also reduced in elderly speakers with cognitive impairment.

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          The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction.

          R T Bartus, R Dean, B Beer … (1982)
          Biochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological evidence supporting a role for cholinergic dysfunction in age-related memory disturbances is critically reviewed. An attempt has been made to identify pseudoissues, resolve certain controversies, and clarify misconceptions that have occurred in the literature. Significant cholinergic dysfunctions occur in the aged and demented central nervous system, relationships between these changes and loss of memory exist, similar memory deficits can be artificially induced by blocking cholinergic mechanisms in young subjects, and under certain tightly controlled conditions reliable memory improvements in aged subjects can be achieved after cholinergic stimulation. Conventional attempts to reduce memory impairments in clinical trials hav not been therapeutically successful, however. Possible explanations for these disappointments are given and directions for future laboratory and clinical studies are suggested.
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            Acetylcholine in mind: a neurotransmitter correlate of consciousness?

            Elaine Perry, Matthew Walker, Jan Grace … (1999)
            The cholinergic system is one of the most important modulatory neurotransmitter systems in the brain and controls activities that depend on selective attention, which are an essential component of conscious awareness. Psychopharmacological and pathological evidence supports the concept of a 'cholinergic component' of conscious awareness. Drugs that antagonize muscarinic receptors induce hallucinations and reduce the level of consciousness, while the nicotinic receptor is implicated as being involved in the mechanism of action of general (inhalational) anaesthetics. In degenerative diseases of the brain, alterations in consciousness are associated with regional deficits in the cholinergic system. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a loss of explicit (more than implicit) memory and hypoactivity of cholinergic projections to the hippocampus and cortex, while the visual hallucinations experienced by subjects with Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are associated with reductions in neocortical ACh-related activity. In Parkinson's disease, the additional loss of pedunculopontine cholinergic neurones, which control REM (rapid eye movement) sleep or dreaming, is likely to contribute to REM abnormalities, which also occur in DLB. Widespread basal-forebrain and rostral brainstem cholinergic pathways, which include converging projections to the thalamus, appear to be located strategically for generating and integrating conscious awareness. Alleviation of a range of cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms by drugs that modulate the cholinergic system, which are being developed for the treatment of AD and related disorders, could be caused by changes in consciousness.
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              Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: failure of access or degraded knowledge?

              John Hodges, David P Salmon, Nelson Butters (1992)
              A battery of neuropsychological tests designed to assess semantic knowledge about the same items both within and across different modalities was administered to a group of 22 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and 26 matched controls. The DAT patients were impaired on tests of category fluency, picture naming, spoken word-picture matching, picture sorting and generation of verbal definitions. A relative preservation of superordinate knowledge on the sorting and definition tests, as well as a disproportionate reduction in the generation of exemplars from lower order categories was noted. Analysis of the errors made by each patient across the different tests, revealed a significant correspondence between the individual items. These findings offer compelling evidence that the semantic breakdown in DAT is caused by storage degradation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord
                Title: Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9824
                ISSN (Print): 1420-8008
                Publication date (Electronic): 2013
                Volume: 36
                Issue: 5-6
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 000350808
                DOI: 10.1159/000350808
                PubMed ID: 24022211
                SO-VID: 467ca845-0edd-42bc-95f7-199fad8e0c73
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