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      A comparison of university student and community gamblers: Motivations, impulsivity, and gambling cognitions

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          The present study tested whether the associations among motivational, cognitive, and personality correlates of problem gambling severity differed across university student gamblers ( n = 123) and gamblers in the general adult community ( n = 113)

          Methods

          The participants completed a survey that included standardized measures of gambling motivation, gambling related cognitions, and impulsivity. The survey also asked participants to report the forms of gambling in which they engaged to test whether gambling involvement (number of different forms of gambling) was related to problem gambling severity. After completing the survey, participants played roulette online to examine whether betting patterns adhered to the gambler's fallacy.

          Results

          Gambling involvement was significantly related to problem gambling severity for the community sample but not for the student sample. A logistic regression analysis that tested the involvement, motivation, impulsivity and cognitive correlates showed that money motivation and gambling related cognitions were the only significant independent predictors of gambling severity. Adherence to the gambler's fallacy was stronger for students than for the community sample, and was associated with gambling related cognitions.

          Discussion

          The motivational, impulsivity and cognitive, and correlates of problem gambling function similarly in university student gamblers and in gamblers from the general adult community. Interventions for both groups should focus on the financial and cognitive supports of problem gambling.

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          Most cited references65

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          Integration of impulsivity and positive mood to predict risky behavior: development and validation of a measure of positive urgency.

          Melissa A Cyders, Gregory T Smith, Nichea Spillane … (2007)
          In 3 studies, the authors developed and began to validate a measure of the propensity to act rashly in response to positive affective states (positive urgency). In Study 1, they developed a content-valid 14-item scale, showed that the measure was unidimensional, and showed that positive urgency was distinct from impulsivity-like constructs identified in 2 models of impulsive behavior. In Study 2, they showed that positive urgency explained variance in risky behavior not explained by measures of other impulsivity-like constructs, differentially explained positive mood-based risky behavior, differentiated individuals at risk for problem gambling from those not at risk, and interacted with drinking motives and expectancies as predicted to explain problem drinking behavior. In Study 3, they confirmed the hypothesis that positive urgency differentiated alcoholics from both eating-disordered and control individuals. ((c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
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            Dopaminergic foundations of schizotypy as measured by the German version of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE)—a suitable endophenotype of schizophrenia

            Phillip Grant, Yvonne Kuepper, Eva A. Mueller … (2013)
            The concept of schizotypy or “psychosis proneness” captures individual differences in perceptual, cognitive, and affective experiences that may relate to a range of psychotic disorders. The concept is an important way to assess the contribution of pre-existing psychological and genetically based biological features to the development of illnesses such as schizophrenia (so called endophenotypes). The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) is a widely used multi-dimensional measure of the construct and consists of four scales which mirror several groups of psychotic symptoms: Unusual Experiences (UnEx; positive symptoms), Cognitive Disorganization (CogDis; cognitive symptoms), Introvertive Anhedonia (IntAn; negative symptoms), and Impulsive Nonconformity (ImpNon; impulsive and antisocial symptoms). For the purpose of evaluating the suitability of schizotypy as an endophenotype of schizophrenia the current version of the O-LIFE was translated into German: its psychometric properties (including re-test reliability and construct validity) were examined in a large sample (n > 1200) and compared to those of the English original. The German version was both highly reliable and consistent with the original. The study aimed to show that schizotypy as measured by the O-LIFE can indeed be regarded as an endophenotype of schizophrenia in terms of genetic associations regarding relevant dopamine-related candidate polymorphisms of schizotypy [i.e., Val158Met-polymorphism of the COMT gene, uVNTR of the MAOA gene, Taq1A-polymorphism of the DRD2 gene, VNTR of the SLC6A3 (DAT) gene]. We also wanted to compare the genetic associations of the O-LIFE to those published using other operationalizations of schizotypy. Our results show a large number of significant associations and borderline-significant trends between the O-LIFE sub-scales and a range of genes, thereby supporting using the O-LIFE in the search for endophenotypic markers.
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              The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties.

              Namrata Raylu, Tian P S Oei (2004)
              The aims of this study are to develop and validate a measure to screen for a range of gambling-related cognitions (GRC) in gamblers. A total of 968 volunteers were recruited from a community-based population. They were divided randomly into two groups. Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation was performed on group one and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used on group two to confirm the best-fitted solution. The Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS) was developed for this study and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Motivation Towards Gambling Scale (MTGS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used for validation. Exploratory factor analysis performed using half the sample indicated five factors, which included interpretative control/bias (GRCS-IB), illusion of control (GRCS-IC), predictive control (GRCS-PC), gambling-related expectancies (GRCS-GE) and a perceived inability to stop gambling (GRCS-IS). These accounted for 70% of the total variance. Using the other half of the sample, CFA confirmed that the five-factor solution fitted the data most effectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the factors ranged from 0.77 to 0.91, and 0.93 for the overall scale. This paper demonstrated that the 23-item GRCS has good psychometric properties and thus is a useful instrument for identifying GRC among non-clinical gamblers. It provides the first step towards devising/adapting similar tools for problem gamblers as well as developing more specialized instruments to assess particular domains of GRC.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2006
                Journal ID (MPID): 122266
                Title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Abbreviated Title: JBA
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó, co-published with Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 2062-5871
                ISSN (Electronic): 2063-5303
                Publication date (Print): 1 March 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 February 2014
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 54-64
                Affiliations
                [ 17 ] Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
                [ 27 ] University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [ 37 ] Department of Marketing and Consumer Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
                Author notes
                [* ] +1-519-824-4120/53673, +1-519-837-8629, hmarmure@ 123456uoguelph.ca
                Article
                Other ID: 7
                DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.007
                SO-VID: fa2d289b-341a-40f3-bd26-3cad326ace7b
                Copyright © © 2014 The Author(s)
                License:

                Open Access statement. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                Date received : 28 August 2013
                Date: 4 November 2013
                Date accepted : 9 November 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Full-Length Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: impulsivity,gambler's fallacy,problem gambling,gambling cognitions,motivation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Psychology, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: impulsivity, gambler's fallacy, problem gambling, gambling cognitions, motivation

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