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Abstract

Obesity is linked to metabolic complications, even in children, but the role of the distribution of adiposity is unclear. We aimed to assess which compartment of fat mass - total (TFM), visceral (VFM) or subcutaneous (SCFM)--is related to metabolic complications in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Analyses were conducted in 159 overweight or obese children and adolescents (median body mass index 4.0 SD). TFM was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Distribution of abdominal fat was assessed by MRI. Insulin resistance (IR) was determined using a homeostatic model assessment. The definition of metabolic syndrome (MS) was derived from National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III. A parental history of obesity was positively and significantly associated with fat content of the three compartments (TFM: beta = 2.22; VFM: beta = 0.17; SCFM: beta = 0.12, respectively). VFM was also associated with gender (beta = -0.29) and ethnicity (beta = -0.54). TFM was a significant and independent determinant of IR (beta = 0.02) whereas IR and VFM only were significantly related to MS (OR = 3.55 and 3.66 respectively). Our data indicate that even in overweight children VFM was influenced by several factors such as sex and ethnicity and that a relationship was evidenced between the amount of VFM and MS. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women.

M Pouliot, J P Després, S Lemieux … (1994)

The amount of abdominal visceral adipose tissue measured by computed tomography is a critical correlate of the potentially "atherogenic" metabolic disturbances associated with abdominal obesity. In this study conducted in samples of 81 men and 70 women, data are presented on the anthropometric correlates of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular disease risk factors (triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, fasting and postglucose insulin and glucose levels). Results indicate that the waist circumference and the abdominal sagittal diameter are better correlates of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation than the commonly used waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). In women, the waist circumference and the abdominal sagittal diameter also appeared more closely related to the metabolic variables than the WHR. When the samples were divided into quintiles of waist circumference, WHR or abdominal sagittal diameter, it was noted that increasing values of waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter were more consistently associated with increases in fasting and postglucose insulin levels than increasing values of WHR, especially in women. These findings suggest that the waist circumference or the abdominal sagittal diameter, rather than the WHR, should be used as indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue deposition and in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. It is suggested from these data that waist circumference values above approximately 100 cm, or abdominal sagittal diameter values > 25 cm are most likely to be associated with potentially "atherogenic" metabolic disturbances.

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Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe.

M Frelut, T Lobstein (2003)

Estimates of the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity have been made in several European countries during the last decade. The methods used and the assessment criteria differ from survey to survey. The present paper reports the prevalence data from 21 surveys in Europe using a single, internationally accepted definition of overweight in childhood, allowing direct comparisons to be made. A tendency for a higher prevalence of overweight among children in western and especially southern Europe is shown and some possible reasons for this are discussed.

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Visceral obesity in men. Associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels.

D Prud'Homme, C Bouchard, S Moorjani … (1992)

The relations of regional adipose tissue (AT) distribution measured by computed tomography (CT) to plasma insulin-glucose homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid levels were studied in 58 obese and 29 lean control men. In the group of obese men, the visceral AT area measured by CT was positively correlated with fasting plasma triglyceride and insulin levels and with glucose and insulin areas under the curves measured during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Visceral AT area was also negatively associated with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL2 cholesterol levels. The relative accumulation of abdominal fat, estimated by the ratio of abdominal to femoral AT areas obtained by CT, was also a significant correlate of indices of carbohydrate metabolism and was the best univariate correlate of plasma lipoprotein levels. No significant associations were observed between the visceral AT area, the ratio of abdominal to femoral AT areas, and indices of carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism in the group of lean men. On the other hand, the subcutaneous abdominal AT area was a significant correlate of the glucose area under the curve in both groups of men, but this association was not independent from the percentage of total body fat. No relationship was observed between the femoral AT area and indices of carbohydrate metabolism in either lean or obese groups. In obese men, however, the femoral AT area was negatively correlated with plasma triglyceride concentration and positively correlated with plasma HDL and HDL2 cholesterol levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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PubMed ID:: 18493146

DOI:: 10.1159/000129674

ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

Keywords: Absorptiometry, Photon,methods,Adolescent,Blood Glucose,analysis,Body Mass Index,Child,Cohort Studies,Female,Humans,Intra-Abdominal Fat,metabolism,radiography,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Metabolic Syndrome X,blood,etiology,Obesity,complications,Subcutaneous Fat

Independent effect of visceral adipose tissue on metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents.

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Karger: Endocrinology

Most cited references 17

Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women.

Prevalence of overweight among children in Europe.

Visceral obesity in men. Associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels.

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