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Abstract

The effects of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists on the pituitary adrenal responses following injections of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or electrical stimulation of central NE and 5-HT pathways were studied in anesthetized male rats. PVN injections of an alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor agonist or a serotonergic 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist markedly increased both adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (CS) serum levels. These responses were significantly inhibited by separate pre-injection of the selective non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptor subtype antagonists into the PVN in a dose-dependent manner. Electrical stimulation of either the ventral noradrenergic bundle or the dorsal raphe nucleus markedly increased serum ACTH and CS. These responses were also significantly attenuated by pre-injection of the above glutamate ionotropic receptor antagonists in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that glutamatergic interneurons in the PVN, acting via non-NMDA and NMDA receptors, may act as an excitatory mechanism in the NE and 5-HT control of hypothalamic ACTH secretagogues. Copyright 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel

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Expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit mRNAs by paraventricular corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons.

Jean-Michel Aubry, Viktor Bartanusz, Sonia R. Pagliusi … (1996)

To determine whether paraventricular corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons express NMDA, AMPA or kainate-preferring glutamate receptors, we have colocalized, by in situ hybridization (ISH), transcripts of various glutamate receptor subunit genes with the CRF messenger RNA on doublet adjacent sections of the rat hypothalamus. We found that more than 70% of CRF-positive neurons contain the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 mRNA whereas NR2A and NR2B subunit mRNAs were not detectable in CRF cells. A significant proportion of identified CRF cells express AMPA receptor subunit GluRA (46%), GluRB (21%) as well as the kainate-preferring receptor subunit KA2 (31%) mRNAs. These results support the hypothesis that the excitatory transmitter glutamate may directly influence CRF neurons through NMDA as well as non-NMDA receptors.

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Serotonin stimulates corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of conscious rats.

Kazunori Kageyama, Fumiko Tozawa, Nobuo Horiba … (1998)

To examine the direct effects of serotonin (5-HT) on the release and synthesis of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), 5-HT was microinjected just onto the bilateral PVN of conscious rats. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels peaked at 30 min and returned to the basal levels in 90 min. Northern blot analysis revealed that the CRF messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the PVN as well as the proopiomelanocortin mRNA level in the anterior pituitary significantly increased 120 min after the 5-HT injections (50-250 nmol/side). Pretreatment with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of pindobind 5-HT1A (5 nmol) or LY-278584 (500 nmol) completely abolished the 5-HT-induced ACTH response, whereas LY-53857 (100 nmol) was without effect. These results suggest that 5-HT stimulates CRF release, which has interactions with 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptors on CRF neurons in the PVN, and activates CRF synthesis in conscious rats.