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      Diverging longitudinal changes in astrocytosis and amyloid PET in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease

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          Abstract

          See Schott and Fox (doi:10.1093/brain/awv405) for a scientific commentary on this article. The relationships between pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer’s disease remain largely unclear. In a longitudinal, multitracer PET study, Rodriguez-Vieitez et al. reveal that progression of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease is accompanied by prominent early and then declining astrocytosis, increasing amyloid plaque deposition and decreasing glucose metabolism. Astrocyte activation may initiate Alzheimer pathology.

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          Heterogeneity of astrocytic form and function.

          Astrocytes participate in all essential CNS functions, including blood flow regulation, energy metabolism, ion and water homeostasis, immune defence, neurotransmission, and adult neurogenesis. It is thus not surprising that astrocytic morphology and function differ between regions, and that different subclasses of astrocytes exist within the same brain region. Recent lines of work also show that the complexity of protoplasmic astrocytes increases during evolution. Human astrocytes are structurally more complex, larger, and propagate calcium signals significantly faster than rodent astrocytes. In this chapter, we review the diversity of astrocytic form and function, while considering the markedly expanded roles of astrocytes with phylogenetic evolution. We also define major challenges for the future, which include determining how astrocytic functions are locally specified, defining the molecular controls upon astrocytic fate and physiology and establishing how evolutionary changes in astrocytes contribute to higher cognitive functions.
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            Astrocyte heterogeneity: an underappreciated topic in neurobiology.

            Astrocytes, one of the most numerous types of cells in the central nervous system, are crucial for potassium homeostasis, neurotransmitter uptake, synapse formation, regulation of blood-brain-barrier, and the development of the nervous system. Historically, astrocytes have been studied as a homogeneous group of cells. However, evidence has accumulated that suggests heterogeneity of astrocytes across brain regions as well as within the same brain regions. Astrocytes differ in their morphology, developmental origin, gene expression profile, physiological properties, function, and response to injury and disease. A better understanding of the heterogeneity of astrocytes will greatly aid investigation of the function of astrocytes in normal brain as well as the roles of astrocytes in neurological disorders. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Multiple Comparisons Using Rank Sums

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Brain
                Brain
                Oxford University Press (OUP)
                0006-8950
                1460-2156
                February 25 2016
                March 2016
                March 2016
                January 26 2016
                : 139
                : 3
                : 922-936
                Article
                10.1093/brain/awv404
                5a0837be-c345-486b-aa3b-831bd632123d
                © 2016
                History

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