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Abstract

While recent developments have allowed greater insight into the vascular pathobiology and intimal hyperplasia, very few of these advances have led to improved clinical care of hemodialysis vascular accesses. Indeed the most common procedure for the treatment of access stenosis and thrombosis is the same model for the creation and study of intimal hyperplasia. The evolution of our understanding of vascular thrombosis is reviewed with a current concept that includes a dynamic interplay of the biophysics, chemistry and biology of the blood vessel with the blood and its constituents. Implications for possible future interventions based on these novel concepts are offered, and the significance of improving our understanding of the pathobiology is emphasized. Copyright (c) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease

Jill Belch, Angus MacCuish, Iain Campbell … (2008)

Objective To determine whether aspirin and antioxidant therapy, combined or alone, are more effective than placebo in reducing the development of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Design Multicentre, randomised, double blind, 2×2 factorial, placebo controlled trial. Setting 16 hospital centres in Scotland, supported by 188 primary care groups. Participants 1276 adults aged 40 or more with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and an ankle brachial pressure index of 0.99 or less but no symptomatic cardiovascular disease. Interventions Daily, 100 mg aspirin tablet plus antioxidant capsule (n=320), aspirin tablet plus placebo capsule (n=318), placebo tablet plus antioxidant capsule (n=320), or placebo tablet plus placebo capsule (n=318). Main outcome measures Two hierarchical composite primary end points of death from coronary heart disease or stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke, or amputation above the ankle for critical limb ischaemia; and death from coronary heart disease or stroke. Results No evidence was found of any interaction between aspirin and antioxidant. Overall, 116 of 638 primary events occurred in the aspirin groups compared with 117 of 638 in the no aspirin groups (18.2% v 18.3%): hazard ratio 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.76 to 1.26). Forty three deaths from coronary heart disease or stroke occurred in the aspirin groups compared with 35 in the no aspirin groups (6.7% v 5.5%): 1.23 (0.79 to 1.93). Among the antioxidant groups 117 of 640 (18.3%) primary events occurred compared with 116 of 636 (18.2%) in the no antioxidant groups (1.03, 0.79 to 1.33). Forty two (6.6%) deaths from coronary heart disease or stroke occurred in the antioxidant groups compared with 36 (5.7%) in the no antioxidant groups (1.21, 0.78 to 1.89). Conclusion This trial does not provide evidence to support the use of aspirin or antioxidants in primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in the population with diabetes studied. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN53295293.

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Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Hisao Ogawa, Masafumi Nakayama, Takeshi Morimoto … (2008)

Previous trials have investigated the effects of low-dose aspirin on primary prevention of cardiovascular events, but not in patients with type 2 diabetes. To examine the efficacy of low-dose aspirin for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded, end-point trial conducted from December 2002 through April 2008 at 163 institutions throughout Japan, which enrolled 2539 patients with type 2 diabetes without a history of atherosclerotic disease and had a median follow-up of 4.37 years. Patients were assigned to the low-dose aspirin group (81 or 100 mg per day) or the nonaspirin group. Primary end points were atherosclerotic events, including fatal or nonfatal ischemic heart disease, fatal or nonfatal stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Secondary end points included each primary end point and combinations of primary end points as well as death from any cause. A total of 154 atherosclerotic events occurred: 68 in the aspirin group (13.6 per 1000 person-years) and 86 in the nonaspirin group (17.0 per 1000 person-years) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-1.10; log-rank test, P = .16). The combined end point of fatal coronary events and fatal cerebrovascular events occurred in 1 patient (stroke) in the aspirin group and 10 patients (5 fatal myocardial infarctions and 5 fatal strokes) in the nonaspirin group (HR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.79; P = .0037). A total of 34 patients in the aspirin group and 38 patients in the nonaspirin group died from any cause (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.57-1.14; log-rank test, P = .67). The composite of hemorrhagic stroke and significant gastrointestinal bleeding was not significantly different between the aspirin and nonaspirin groups. In this study of patients with type 2 diabetes, low-dose aspirin as primary prevention did not reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00110448.

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An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation.

S Moncada, R. Gryglewski, S. Bunting … (1976)

Microsomes prepared from rabbit or pig aortas transformed endoperoxides (PGG2 or PGH2) to an unstable substance (PGX) that inhibited human platelet aggregation. PGX was 30 times more potent in this respect than prostaglandin E1. PGX contracted some gastrointestinal smooth muscle and relaxed certain isolated blood vessels. Prostaglandin endoperoxides cause platelet aggregation possibly through the generation by platelets of thromboxane A2. Generation of PGX by vessel walls could be the biochemical mechanism underlying their unique ability to resist platelet adhesion. A balance between formation of anti- and pro-aggregatory substances by enzymes could also contribute to the maintenance of the integrity of vascular endothelium and explain the mechanism of formation of intra-arterial thrombi in certain physiopathological conditions.

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PubMed ID:: 20093830

DOI:: 10.1159/000245650

ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry

Keywords: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors,therapeutic use,Anticoagulants,adverse effects,Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical,Calcium Channel Blockers,Catheters, Indwelling,Cell Movement,drug effects,Constriction, Pathologic,Drug-Eluting Stents,Endothelium, Vascular,injuries,Epoprostenol,physiology,Equipment Failure,Forecasting,Hemorheology,Humans,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors,Hyperplasia,Models, Cardiovascular,Nitric Oxide,Pentoxifylline,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic,Renal Dialysis,methods,Sepsis,etiology,prevention & control,Thrombosis,physiopathology,Tunica Intima,pathology,Vasodilation

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Novel insights into the pathobiology of the vascular access - do they translate into improved care?

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Karger: Nephrology

Most cited references 104

The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease

Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation.

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