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      Prevalence and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene Harbouring Isolates from Different Ecosystems in Africa

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          Abstract

          The mobile colistin resistance ( mcr) gene threatens the efficacy of colistin (COL), a last-line antibiotic used in treating deadly infections. For more than six decades, COL is used in livestock around the globe, including Africa. The use of critically important antimicrobial agents, like COL, is largely unregulated in Africa, and many other factors militate against effective antimicrobial stewardship in the continent. Currently, ten mcr genes ( mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. In Africa, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5, mcr-8, and mcr-9 have been detected in isolates from humans, animals, foods of animal origin, and the environment. These genes are harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Different conjugative and nonconjugative plasmids form the backbone for mcr in these isolates; however, mcr-1 and mcr-3 have also been integrated into the chromosome of some African strains. Insertion sequences (ISs) (especially IS Apl1), either located upstream or downstream of mcr, class 1 integrons, and transposons, are drivers of mcr in Africa. Genes coding multi/extensive drug resistance and virulence are colocated with mcr on plasmids in African strains. Transmission of mcr to/among African strains is nonclonal. Contact with mcr-habouring reservoirs, the consumption of contaminated foods of animal/plant origin or fluid, animal-/plant-based food trade and travel serve as exportation, importation, and transmission routes of mcr gene-containing bacteria in Africa. Herein, the current status of plasmid-mediated COL resistance in humans, food-producing animals, foods of animal origin, and environment in Africa is discussed.

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          Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study.

          Until now, polymyxin resistance has involved chromosomal mutations but has never been reported via horizontal gene transfer. During a routine surveillance project on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from food animals in China, a major increase of colistin resistance was observed. When an E coli strain, SHP45, possessing colistin resistance that could be transferred to another strain, was isolated from a pig, we conducted further analysis of possible plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance. Herein, we report the emergence of the first plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance mechanism, MCR-1, in Enterobacteriaceae.
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            Resistance plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae.

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              Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens

              Antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE ( E nterococcus faecium , S taphylococcus aureus , K lebsiella pneumoniae , A cinetobacter baumannii , P seudomonas aeruginosa , and E nterobacter species) pathogens represent a global threat to human health. The acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes by ESKAPE pathogens has reduced the treatment options for serious infections, increased the burden of disease, and increased death rates due to treatment failure and requires a coordinated global response for antimicrobial resistance surveillance. This looming health threat has restimulated interest in the development of new antimicrobial therapies, has demanded the need for better patient care, and has facilitated heightened governance over stewardship practices.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biomed Res Int
                Biomed Res Int
                BMRI
                BioMed Research International
                Hindawi
                2314-6133
                2314-6141
                2021
                22 January 2021
                : 2021
                : 6630379
                Affiliations
                1Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria
                2Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Mohamed Salah Abbassi

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2754-103X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-8887
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4512-5432
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2058-7318
                Article
                10.1155/2021/6630379
                7847340
                cac536d5-18ed-4384-afb7-31ef831a27c0
                Copyright © 2021 Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 November 2020
                : 5 January 2021
                : 13 January 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: European Social Fund
                Award ID: POWR.03.05.00-00-Z062/18
                Funded by: UPWR 2.0:international and interdisciplinary programme of development of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
                Funded by: Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
                Categories
                Review Article

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