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      A revision of Dolichogenidea ( Hymenoptera , Braconidae , Microgastrinae ) with the second mediotergite broadly rectangular from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The first species of Dolichogenidea ( Hymenoptera : Braconidae , Microgastrinae ) with the second mediotergite broadly quadrate to rectangular are revised, and eight new species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica are described, all authored by Fernandez-Triana & Boudreault: alejandromasisi , angelagonzalezae , carlosmanuelrodriguezi , genuarnunezi , josealfredohernandezi , melaniamunozae , rogerblancoi , and yeimycedenoae . A new species group ( carlosmanuelrodriguezi ) within the genus is proposed to accommodate those species, as well as additional undescribed species from the Neotropical region found in collections. All new species are found in rainforests (120–900 m) and all are parasitoids of Depressariidae (except for one species parasitizing Choreutidae ). The unique shape of the second mediotergite and long ovipositor are features shared with the alejandromorai species group in the genus Apanteles , an example of convergent evolution; both wasp groups also parasitize similar hosts in ACG.

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections.

            We DNA barcoded 2,597 parasitoid wasps belonging to 6 microgastrine braconid genera reared from parapatric tropical dry forest, cloud forest, and rain forest in Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica and combined these data with records of caterpillar hosts and morphological analyses. We asked whether barcoding and morphology discover the same provisional species and whether the biological entities revealed by our analysis are congruent with wasp host specificity. Morphological analysis revealed 171 provisional species, but barcoding exposed an additional 142 provisional species; 95% of the total is likely to be undescribed. These 313 provisional species are extraordinarily host specific; more than 90% attack only 1 or 2 species of caterpillars out of more than 3,500 species sampled. The most extreme case of overlooked diversity is the morphospecies Apanteles leucostigmus. This minute black wasp with a distinctive white wing stigma was thought to parasitize 32 species of ACG hesperiid caterpillars, but barcoding revealed 36 provisional species, each attacking one or a very few closely related species of caterpillars. When host records and/or within-ACG distributions suggested that DNA barcoding had missed a species-pair, or when provisional species were separated only by slight differences in their barcodes, we examined nuclear sequences to test hypotheses of presumptive species boundaries and to further probe host specificity. Our iterative process of combining morphological analysis, ecology, and DNA barcoding and reiteratively using specimens maintained in permanent collections has resulted in a much more fine-scaled understanding of parasitoid diversity and host specificity than any one of these elements could have produced on its own.
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              Joining Inventory by Parataxonomists with DNA Barcoding of a Large Complex Tropical Conserved Wildland in Northwestern Costa Rica

              Background The many components of conservation through biodiversity development of a large complex tropical wildland, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), thrive on knowing what is its biodiversity and natural history. For 32 years a growing team of Costa Rican parataxonomists has conducted biodiversity inventory of ACG caterpillars, their food plants, and their parasitoids. In 2003, DNA barcoding was added to the inventory process. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe some of the salient consequences for the parataxonomists of barcoding becoming part of a field biodiversity inventory process that has centuries of tradition. From the barcoding results, the parataxonomists, as well as other downstream users, gain a more fine-scale and greater understanding of the specimens they find, rear, photograph, database and deliver. The parataxonomists also need to adjust to collecting more specimens of what appear to be the “same species” – cryptic species that cannot be distinguished by eye or even food plant alone – while having to work with the name changes and taxonomic uncertainty that comes with discovering that what looked like one species may be many. Conclusions/Significance These career parataxonomists, despite their lack of formal higher education, have proven very capable of absorbing and working around the additional complexity and requirements for accuracy and detail that are generated by adding barcoding to the field base of the ACG inventory. In the process, they have also gained a greater understanding of the fine details of phylogeny, relatedness, evolution, and species-packing in their own tropical complex ecosytems. There is no reason to view DNA barcoding as incompatible in any way with tropical biodiversity inventory as conducted by parataxonomists. Their year-round on-site inventory effort lends itself well to the sampling patterns and sample sizes needed to build a thorough barcode library. Furthermore, the biological understanding that comes with barcoding increases the scientific penetrance of biodiversity information, DNA understanding, evolution, and ecology into the communities in which the parataxonomists and their families are resident.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048d35-bb1d-5ce8-9668-537e44bd4c7e
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2019
                04 April 2019
                : 835
                : 87-123
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Canadian National Collection of insects, Ottawa, Canada Canadian National Collection of Insects Ottawa Canada
                [2 ] Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19194, USA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada University of Guelph Guelph Canada
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Jose Fernandez-Triana ( jose.fernandez@ 123456canada.ca )

                Academic editor: C. van Achterberg

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0425-0309
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8650-2575
                Article
                PMC6477850 PMC6477850 6477850 33440 urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:18bacd7d-c07b-5a10-8a77-0474997731a3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:94548DD2-704E-459E-AD8C-48AE35D9EEA5
                10.3897/zookeys.835.33440
                6477850
                31043850
                b9ba45e1-f3c8-4d94-8d2e-6ac495d1bda5

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.

                History
                : 28 January 2019
                : 16 March 2019
                Categories
                Research Article
                Braconidae
                Biodiversity & Conservation
                Systematics
                Americas
                Central America and the Caribbean

                taxonomic revision,Area de Conservación Guanacaste,DNA barcoding, Dolichogenidea , Microgastrinae ,parasitoid biology

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