Zero energy consumption. The goal sounds simple and is presented excessively in variations
all over the world. Energy and environmental politics demand zero consumption as a
long-term goal, marketing has discovered the concept and first buildings and settlements
aiming at balanced energy or emission budgets have been constructed. As an example,
the German Federal Government specifies in its fifth energy research programme (2005):
For new buildings, the goal is to reduce the primary energy demand, i.e. the energy
demand for heating, domestic hot water, ventilation, air-conditioning, lighting and
auxiliary energy, again by half compared to the current state of the art. The long-term
goal is zero-emission buildings. England and the USA aim for zero carbon developments
and net-zero energy buildings ( DOE, 2009 ) in political programmes. The Vatican
accepted the offer of climatic “ indulgence”—and thus became the first country in
the world to completely compensate its carbon emission ( Spiegel online, 2007 ). Megaprojects
in the growth regions of the Arabian Gulf and China advertise with a CO 2 -neutral
balance. A Zero Carbon Community is to be created in Masdar, Abu Dhabi ( Foster,
2007 ), and the first Chinese carbon-neutral ecocity was planned for Dongtan, Shanghai
( Pearce, 2009 ). Not only to aid international communication, but also to further
the processes required to solve energy-related problems, it is essential that key
words, central concepts, their usage and their relationships be clarified. This article
intends to contribute to this clarification based on the monitored example of a solar
estate. Net zero energy building, equilibrium building, carbon neutral city —the accounting
method varies, depending on motivation and point of view. If the focus is on finite
and scarce resources, energy is the currency; CO 2 -equivalent emissions are considered
if global warming and public health is the issue; the cost of energy is what concerns
a tenant paying for heating and electricity. A balance in one set of units can be
converted to another, but the conversion factors often also shift the balance point.
Energy will be used as the reference quantity in the following article, which prevents
confusion with non-energy measures (e.g. carbon credits for forestry) and avoids the
nuclear power debate, in which nuclear power is partly calculated as being CO 2 neutral.
The diversity of concepts is an indicator that a scientifically based methodology
is still lacking, though initial publications focus hereon ( Pless et al. 2009 ).
Since October 2008, a group of experts in the International Energy Agency has been
addressing this issue under the heading, Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings
( Riley et al. 2008 ). The goal is to document and analyse outstanding examples that
are close to being net zero-energy buildings, and while doing so, to develop the methodology
and tools for working with such buildings. The Chair of Technical Building Services,
University of Wuppertal, is co-ordinating the methodological work. The zero-energy
approach—still under construction—will here be presented using a solar estate as an
illustration.