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      Noncoding RNAs in Diabetic Nephropathy: Pathogenesis, Biomarkers, and Therapy

      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 2 , 1
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Journal of Diabetes Research
      Publisher: Hindawi Limited

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          Abstract

          The correlation between diabetes and systematic well-being on human life has long established. As a common complication of diabetes, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been increasing globally. DN is known to be a major cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Till now, the molecular mechanisms for DN have not been fully explored and the effective therapies are still lacking. Noncoding RNAs are a class of RNAs produced by genome transcription that cannot be translated into proteins. It has been documented that ncRNAs participate in the pathogenesis of DN by regulating inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, cell proliferation, and other pathological processes. In this review, the pathological roles and diagnostic and therapeutic potential of three types of ncRNAs (microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA) in the progression of DN are summarized and illustrated.

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          Update of pathophysiology and management of diabetic kidney disease

          Kwan-Dun Wu, Shao-Yu Yang, Tzong-Shinn Chu … (2018)
          Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the world. The most characteristic marker of DKD is albuminuria, which is associated with renal disease progression and cardiovascular events. Renal hemodynamics changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxia and overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are involved in the pathogenesis of DKD, and renal fibrosis plays the key role. Intensified multifactorial interventions, including RAAS blockades, blood pressure and glucose control, and quitting smoking, help to prevent DKD development and progression. In recent years, novel agents are applied for preventing DKD development and progression, including new types of glucose-lowering agents, pentoxifylline, vitamin D analog paricalcitol, pyridoxamine, ruboxistaurin, soludexide, Janus kinase inhibitors and nonsteroidal minerocorticoid receptor antagonists. In this review, recent large studies about DKD are also summarized.
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            Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 regulates hyperglycaemia induced inflammatory process in the endothelial cells

            Prasanth Puthanveetil, Shali Chen, Biao Feng … (2015)
            To examine whether the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is altered in the endothelial cells in response to glucose and the significance of such alteration. We incubated human umbilical vein endothelial cells with media containing various glucose levels. We found an increase in MALAT1 expression peaking after 12 hrs of incubation in high glucose. This increase was associated with parallel increase in serum amyloid antigen 3 (SAA3), an inflammatory ligand and target of MALAT1 and was further accompanied by increase in mRNAs and proteins of inflammatory mediators, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Renal tissue from the diabetic animals showed similar changes. Such cellular alterations were prevented following MALAT1 specific siRNA transfection. Results of this study indicate that LncRNA MALAT1 regulates glucose-induced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators IL-6 and TNF-α through activation of SAA3. Identification of such novel mechanism may lead to the development of RNA-based therapeutics targeting MALAT1 for diabetes-induced micro and macro vascular complications.
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              Long non-coding RNA: Classification, biogenesis and functions in blood cells

              Swati Dahariya, Indira Paddibhatla, Santosh A. Kumar … (2019)
              While there exist some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are structurally similar to mRNAs (capped, spliced, poly a tail), not all of the lncRNAs exhibit these features. Structurally, lncRNAs are classified under the regulatory non-coding RNAs category these lncRNA molecules operate as signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds. In eukaryotes, lncRNAs are transcribed by RNA Polymerase II and RNA Polymerase III at several loci of the genome. Unlike other protein-coding mRNAs, lncRNAs exhibit functional uniqueness by participating in and modulating the various cellular processes such as, histone modification, DNA methylation, and cellular transcription (Wei et al., 2017). LncRNA alters chromatin structure and DNA accessibility, thereby regulating patterns of gene expression (Wang et al., 2011b). Disordered lncRNA with quantitative or qualitative alterations lead to the progression of numerous diseases including blood associated diseases. LncRNAs not only regulate lineage commitment such as cardiovascular lineage but also contribute for the hematopoietic stem cell development with a significant role in myeloid and lymphoid lineage commitment. However, the key molecular functions of lncRNAs in hematopoiesis are still unclear, particularly, their functional role during megakaryocyte development from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is largely unexplored. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge on lncRNAs classification, biogenesis and its role in blood cells.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Diabetes Research
                Abbreviated Title: Journal of Diabetes Research
                Publisher: Hindawi Limited
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6745
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6753
                Publication date Created: June 22 2020
                Publication date (Print): June 22 2020
                Volume: 2020
                Pages: 1-10
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Diabetes Research Center, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000 Zhejiang, China
                [2 ]The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315000 Zhejiang, China
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2020/3960857
                SO-VID: c538c585-fc51-421e-9c16-9bf1b16d41d2
                Copyright © © 2020
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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