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      Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)--2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus?

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          Abstract

          Chikungunya and dengue viruses emerged in Gabon in 2007, with large outbreaks primarily affecting the capital Libreville and several northern towns. Both viruses subsequently spread to the south-east of the country, with new outbreaks occurring in 2010. The mosquito species Aedes albopictus, that was known as a secondary vector for both viruses, recently invaded the country and was the primary vector involved in the Gabonese outbreaks. We conducted a retrospective study of human sera and mosquitoes collected in Gabon from 2007 to 2010, in order to identify other circulating arboviruses.

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          Most cited references27

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          Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus.

          N G Gratz (2004)
          The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), originally indigenous to South-east Asia, islands of the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean, has spread during recent decades to Africa, the mid-east, Europe and the Americas (north and south) after extending its range eastwards across Pacific islands during the early 20th century. The majority of introductions are apparently due to transportation of dormant eggs in tyres. Among public health authorities in the newly infested countries and those threatened with the introduction, there has been much concern that Ae. albopictus would lead to serious outbreaks of arbovirus diseases (Ae. albopictus is a competent vector for at least 22 arboviruses), notably dengue (all four serotypes) more commonly transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.). Results of many laboratory studies have shown that many arboviruses are readily transmitted by Ae. albopictus to laboratory animals and birds, and have frequently been isolated from wild-caught mosquitoes of this species, particularly in the Americas. As Ae. albopictus continues to spread, displacing Ae. aegypti in some areas, and is anthropophilic throughout its range, it is important to review the literature and attempt to predict whether the medical risks are as great as have been expressed in scientific journals and the popular press. Examination of the extensive literature indicates that Ae. albopictus probably serves as a maintenance vector of dengue in rural areas of dengue-endemic countries of South-east Asia and Pacific islands. Also Ae. albopictus transmits dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) in South-east Asia, south-eastern U.S.A. and both D. immitis and Dirofilaria repens (Raillet & Henry) in Italy. Despite the frequent isolation of dengue viruses from wild-caught mosquitoes, there is no evidence that Ae. albopictus is an important urban vector of dengue, except in a limited number of countries where Ae. aegypti is absent, i.e. parts of China, the Seychelles, historically in Japan and most recently in Hawaii. Further research is needed on the dynamics of the interaction between Ae. albopictus and other Stegomyia species. Surveillance must also be maintained on the vectorial role of Ae. albopictus in countries endemic for dengue and other arboviruses (e.g. Chikungunya, EEE, Ross River, WNV, LaCrosse and other California group viruses), for which it would be competent and ecologically suited to serve as a bridge vector.
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            Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus.

            Aedes albopictus, commonly known as the Asian tiger mosquito, is currently the most invasive mosquito in the world. It is of medical importance due to its aggressive daytime human-biting behavior and ability to vector many viruses, including dengue, LaCrosse, and West Nile. Invasions into new areas of its potential range are often initiated through the transportation of eggs via the international trade in used tires. We use a genetic algorithm, Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production (GARP), to determine the ecological niche of Ae. albopictus and predict a global ecological risk map for the continued spread of the species. We combine this analysis with risk due to importation of tires from infested countries and their proximity to countries that have already been invaded to develop a list of countries most at risk for future introductions and establishments. Methods used here have potential for predicting risks of future invasions of vectors or pathogens.
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              Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                PLoS neglected tropical diseases
                Public Library of Science (PLoS)
                1935-2735
                1935-2727
                Feb 2014
                : 8
                : 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
                [2 ] UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon ; MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France.
                [3 ] UMVE, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon ; Ministère de la Santé Publique, Libreville, Gabon.
                [4 ] MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France ; URES, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon.
                [5 ] MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-224, CNRS-5290, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2), Montpellier, France.
                Article
                PNTD-D-13-01157
                10.1371/journal.pntd.0002681
                3916288
                24516683
                013f944b-be83-4833-bc55-024d1c403d44
                History

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