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      Ageing and ocular problems

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          Abstract

          Ageing is a common problem in modern societies. Due to sophisticated new methods in medicine, the average life expectancy significantly increased in recent years. 70 is the new 50. The new principles of food intake and processing, more exercise, and less smoking contributed to a health benefits and a longer life span of human kind. Nevertheless, there are the special problems of ageing. Numerous dysfunctions of the body may arise affecting a broad range of organs and the musculoskeletal system. The eye can also be severely affected by ageing. Vision gained more importance recently especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Elderly people who never used computers before, had to learn computer technology in order to communicate with their family and to accomplish their everyday tasks or pay their bills. Therefore, good near vision has become crucial for elderly people. In this review article the most common ageing problems of the eye, therapies and pathophysiology of ageing processes will be reviewed and discussed. There are physiological problems of ageing and there are ocular pathologies which can be treated efficiently in time to preserve near and far visual acuity.

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          Most cited references20

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          Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration.

          Albert O. Edwards, Robert Ritter, Kenneth J Abel … (2005)
          Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, late-onset, and complex trait with multiple risk factors. Concentrating on a region harboring a locus for AMD on 1q25-31, the ARMD1 locus, we tested single-nucleotide polymorphisms for association with AMD in two independent case-control populations. Significant association (P = 4.95 x 10(-10)) was identified within the regulation of complement activation locus and was centered over a tyrosine-402 --> histidine-402 protein polymorphism in the gene encoding complement factor H. Possession of at least one histidine at amino acid position 402 increased the risk of AMD 2.7-fold and may account for 50% of the attributable risk of AMD.
          Article 0 comments Cited 158 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8.

            (2001)
            Observational and experimental data suggest that antioxidant and/or zinc supplements may delay progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and vision loss. To evaluate the effect of high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc supplements on AMD progression and visual acuity. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an 11-center double-masked clinical trial, enrolled participants in an AMD trial if they had extensive small drusen, intermediate drusen, large drusen, noncentral geographic atrophy, or pigment abnormalities in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye. At least 1 eye had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/32 or better. Participants were randomly assigned to receive daily oral tablets containing: (1) antioxidants (vitamin C, 500 mg; vitamin E, 400 IU; and beta carotene, 15 mg); (2) zinc, 80 mg, as zinc oxide and copper, 2 mg, as cupric oxide; (3) antioxidants plus zinc; or (4) placebo. (1) Photographic assessment of progression to or treatment for advanced AMD and (2) at least moderate visual acuity loss from baseline (> or =15 letters). Primary analyses used repeated-measures logistic regression with a significance level of.01, unadjusted for covariates. Serum level measurements, medical histories, and mortality rates were used for safety monitoring. Average follow-up of the 3640 enrolled study participants, aged 55-80 years, was 6.3 years, with 2.4% lost to follow-up. Comparison with placebo demonstrated a statistically significant odds reduction for the development of advanced AMD with antioxidants plus zinc (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.52-0.98). The ORs for zinc alone and antioxidants alone are 0.75 (99% CI, 0.55-1.03) and 0.80 (99% CI, 0.59-1.09), respectively. Participants with extensive small drusen, nonextensive intermediate size drusen, or pigment abnormalities had only a 1.3% 5-year probability of progression to advanced AMD. Odds reduction estimates increased when these 1063 participants were excluded (antioxidants plus zinc: OR, 0.66; 99% CI, 0.47-0.91; zinc: OR, 0.71; 99% CI, 0.52-0.99; antioxidants: OR, 0.76; 99% CI, 0.55-1.05). Both zinc and antioxidants plus zinc significantly reduced the odds of developing advanced AMD in this higher-risk group. The only statistically significant reduction in rates of at least moderate visual acuity loss occurred in persons assigned to receive antioxidants plus zinc (OR, 0.73; 99% CI, 0.54-0.99). No statistically significant serious adverse effect was associated with any of the formulations. Persons older than 55 years should have dilated eye examinations to determine their risk of developing advanced AMD. Those with extensive intermediate size drusen, at least 1 large druse, noncentral geographic atrophy in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye, and without contraindications such as smoking, should consider taking a supplement of antioxidants plus zinc such as that used in this study.
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              Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome.

              Marina Klein, S Moss, John Klein (2000)
              To examine risk factors for the prevalence of dry eye syndrome in a population-based cohort. The prevalence of dry eye was determined by history at the second examination (1993-1995) of the Beaver Dam Eye Study cohort (N = 3722). The cohort was aged 48 to 91 years (mean +/- SD, 65 +/- 10 years) and 43% male. The overall prevalence of dry eye was 14.4%. Prevalence varied from 8.4% in subjects younger than 60 years to 19. 0% in those older than 80 years (P<.001 for test of trend). Age-adjusted prevalence in men was 11.4% compared with 16.7% in women (P<.001). After controlling for age and sex, the following factors were independently and significantly associated with dry eye in a logistic model: history of arthritis (odds ratio [OR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.33), smoking status (past, OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.97-1.52; current, OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.36-2.46), caffeine use (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61-0.91), history of thyroid disease (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09-1.84), history of gout (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02-1.96), total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (OR, for 1 unit, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99), diabetes (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.86), and multivitamin use (past, OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1. 01-1.81; current, OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09-1.82). Nonsignificant variables included body mass; blood pressure; white blood cell count; hematocrit; history of osteoporosis, stroke, or cardiovascular disease; history of allergies; use of antihistamines, parasympathetics, antidepressants, diuretics, antiemetics, or other drying drugs; alcohol consumption; time spent outdoors; maculopathy; central cataract; and lens surgery. The results suggest several factors, such as smoking, caffeine use, and multivitamin use, could be studied for preventive or therapeutic efficacy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1264-1268
              Article 0 comments Cited 101 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Z. Z. Nagy:
                ORCID: 0000-0002-7330-0464
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2066
                Title: Developments in Health Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: DHS
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2630-9378
                ISSN (Electronic): 2630-936X
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 November 2021
                Publication date (Print): 10 February 2022
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 2-6
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
                [2 ] Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of General Medicine, Semmelweis University , Mária u. 39, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary. E-mail: nagy.zoltan_zsolt@ 123456med.semmelweis-univ.hu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-0464
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5763-0482
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/2066.2021.00042
                SO-VID: 85e2834d-1783-4625-bf73-bd1418e880a8
                Copyright © © 2021 The Author(s)
                License:

                Open Access. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated. (SID_1)

                History
                Date received : 27 May 2021
                Date: 01 September 2021
                Date accepted : 14 September 2021
                Page count
                Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 05
                Custom metadata
                SID 1

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Immunology,Health & Social care,Microbiology & Virology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: eye,ageing,crystalline lens,retina,pathophysiology of ageing of the eye,cornea
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Immunology, Health & Social care, Microbiology & Virology, Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: eye, ageing, crystalline lens, retina, pathophysiology of ageing of the eye, cornea

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