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      Drug Design, Development and Therapy (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the design and development of drugs, as well as the clinical outcomes, patient safety, and programs targeted at the effective and safe use of medicines. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Hydrogen sulfide, a potential novel drug, attenuates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis.

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          Abstract

          Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to exert anti-inflammatory properties. Apoptosis and autophagy play important roles in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced acute hepatitis. The purpose of this study was to explore both the effect and mechanism of H2S on Con A-induced acute hepatitis.

          Most cited references29

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          Distinct classes of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases are involved in signaling pathways that control macroautophagy in HT-29 cells.

          3-Methyladenine which stops macroautophagy at the sequestration step in mammalian cells also inhibits the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity raising the possibility that PI3K signaling controls the macroautophagic pathway (Blommaart, E. F. C., Krause, U., Schellens, J. P. M., Vreeling-Sindelárová, H., and Meijer, A. J. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 243, 240-246). The aim of this study was to identify PI3Ks involved in the control of macroautophagic sequestration in human colon cancer HT-29 cells. An increase of class I PI3K products (phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate) caused by either feeding cells with synthetic lipids (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol 3, 4-bisphosphate and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-triphosphate) or by stimulating the enzymatic activity by interleukin-13 reduced macroautophagy. In contrast, an increase in the class III PI3K product (phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate), either by feeding cells with a synthetic lipid or by overexpressing the p150 adaptor, stimulates macroautophagy. Transfection of a specific class III PI3K antisense oligonucleotide greatly inhibited the rate of macroautophagy. In accordance with a role of class III PI3K, wortmannin (an inhibitor of PI3Ks) inhibits macroautophagic sequestration and protein degradation in the low nanomolar range (IC(50) 5-15 nM). Further in vitro enzymatic assay showed that 3-methyladenine inhibits the class III PI3K activity. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate supplementation or p150 overexpression rescued the macroautophagic pathway in HT-29 cells overexpressing a GTPase-deficient mutant of the Galpha(i3) protein suggesting that both class III PI3K and trimeric G(i3) protein signaling are required in the control macroautophagy in HT-29 cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that distinct classes of PI3K control the macroautophagic pathway in opposite directions. The roles of PI3Ks in macroautophagy are discussed in the context of membrane recycling.
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            A simple, rapid, and sensitive DNA assay procedure.

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              Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury.

              Brain ischemia and reperfusion engage multiple independently-fatal terminal pathways involving loss of membrane integrity in partitioning ions, progressive proteolysis, and inability to check these processes because of loss of general translation competence and reduced survival signal-transduction. Ischemia results in rapid loss of high-energy phosphate compounds and generalized depolarization, which induces release of glutamate and, in selectively vulnerable neurons (SVNs), opening of both voltage-dependent and glutamate-regulated calcium channels. This allows a large increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) associated with activation of mu-calpain, calcineurin, and phospholipases with consequent proteolysis of calpain substrates (including spectrin and eIF4G), activation of NOS and potentially of Bad, and accumulation of free arachidonic acid, which can induce depletion of Ca(2+) from the ER lumen. A kinase that shuts off translation initiation by phosphorylating the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2alpha) is activated either by adenosine degradation products or depletion of ER lumenal Ca(2+). Early during reperfusion, oxidative metabolism of arachidonate causes a burst of excess oxygen radicals, iron is released from storage proteins by superoxide-mediated reduction, and NO is generated. These events result in peroxynitrite generation, inappropriate protein nitrosylation, and lipid peroxidation, which ultrastructurally appears to principally damage the plasmalemma of SVNs. The initial recovery of ATP supports very rapid eIF2alpha phosphorylation that in SVNs is prolonged and associated with a major reduction in protein synthesis. High catecholamine levels induced by the ischemic episode itself and/or drug administration down-regulate insulin secretion and induce inhibition of growth-factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity, effects associated with down-regulation of survival signal-transduction through the Ras pathway. Caspase activation occurs during the early hours of reperfusion following mitochondrial release of caspase 9 and cytochrome c. The SVNs find themselves with substantial membrane damage, calpain-mediated proteolytic degradation of eIF4G and cytoskeletal proteins, altered translation initiation mechanisms that substantially reduce total protein synthesis and impose major alterations in message selection, down-regulated survival signal-transduction, and caspase activation. This picture argues powerfully that, for therapy of brain ischemia and reperfusion, the concept of single drug intervention (which has characterized the approaches of basic research, the pharmaceutical industry, and clinical trials) cannot be effective. Although rigorous study of multi-drug protocols is very demanding, effective therapy is likely to require (1) peptide growth factors for early activation of survival-signaling pathways and recovery of translation competence, (2) inhibition of lipid peroxidation, (3) inhibition of calpain, and (4) caspase inhibition. Examination of such protocols will require not only characterization of functional and histopathologic outcome, but also study of biochemical markers of the injury processes to establish the role of each drug.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Drug Des Devel Ther
                Drug design, development and therapy
                Informa UK Limited
                1177-8881
                1177-8881
                2014
                : 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
                Article
                dddt-8-1277
                10.2147/DDDT.S66573
                4166909
                25246769
                2e96e5f3-ff01-49a9-904b-c06e2f17da5e
                History

                NaHS,PtdIns3K-AKT,apoptosis,autophagy
                NaHS, PtdIns3K-AKT, apoptosis, autophagy

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