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      A global atlas of the dominant bacteria found in soil.

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          Abstract

          The immense diversity of soil bacterial communities has stymied efforts to characterize individual taxa and document their global distributions. We analyzed soils from 237 locations across six continents and found that only 2% of bacterial phylotypes (~500 phylotypes) consistently accounted for almost half of the soil bacterial communities worldwide. Despite the overwhelming diversity of bacterial communities, relatively few bacterial taxa are abundant in soils globally. We clustered these dominant taxa into ecological groups to build the first global atlas of soil bacterial taxa. Our study narrows down the immense number of bacterial taxa to a "most wanted" list that will be fruitful targets for genomic and cultivation-based efforts aimed at improving our understanding of soil microbes and their contributions to ecosystem functioning.

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          Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects

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            Microbial diversity drives multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems

            Despite the importance of microbial communities for ecosystem services and human welfare, the relationship between microbial diversity and multiple ecosystem functions and services (that is, multifunctionality) at the global scale has yet to be evaluated. Here we use two independent, large-scale databases with contrasting geographic coverage (from 78 global drylands and from 179 locations across Scotland, respectively), and report that soil microbial diversity positively relates to multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems. The direct positive effects of microbial diversity were maintained even when accounting simultaneously for multiple multifunctionality drivers (climate, soil abiotic factors and spatial predictors). Our findings provide empirical evidence that any loss in microbial diversity will likely reduce multifunctionality, negatively impacting the provision of services such as climate regulation, soil fertility and food and fibre production by terrestrial ecosystems.
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              Cross-biome metagenomic analyses of soil microbial communities and their functional attributes.

              For centuries ecologists have studied how the diversity and functional traits of plant and animal communities vary across biomes. In contrast, we have only just begun exploring similar questions for soil microbial communities despite soil microbes being the dominant engines of biogeochemical cycles and a major pool of living biomass in terrestrial ecosystems. We used metagenomic sequencing to compare the composition and functional attributes of 16 soil microbial communities collected from cold deserts, hot deserts, forests, grasslands, and tundra. Those communities found in plant-free cold desert soils typically had the lowest levels of functional diversity (diversity of protein-coding gene categories) and the lowest levels of phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity. Across all soils, functional beta diversity was strongly correlated with taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity; the desert microbial communities were clearly distinct from the nondesert communities regardless of the metric used. The desert communities had higher relative abundances of genes associated with osmoregulation and dormancy, but lower relative abundances of genes associated with nutrient cycling and the catabolism of plant-derived organic compounds. Antibiotic resistance genes were consistently threefold less abundant in the desert soils than in the nondesert soils, suggesting that abiotic conditions, not competitive interactions, are more important in shaping the desert microbial communities. As the most comprehensive survey of soil taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity to date, this study demonstrates that metagenomic approaches can be used to build a predictive understanding of how microbial diversity and function vary across terrestrial biomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Science
                Science (New York, N.Y.)
                American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                1095-9203
                0036-8075
                Jan 19 2018
                : 359
                : 6373
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. m.delgadobaquerizo@gmail.com noah.fierer@colorado.edu.
                [2 ] Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain.
                [3 ] Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
                [4 ] Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
                [5 ] Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
                [6 ] Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Fac. Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
                [7 ] Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
                [8 ] School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
                [9 ] Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, New South Wales, Australia.
                [10 ] Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith South DC, NSW 2751, Australia.
                Article
                359/6373/320
                10.1126/science.aap9516
                29348236
                312b12bc-bf7c-47b4-a151-8120cf09ddf6
                Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
                History

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