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      Marie of Oignies, of Nivelles, or of Villers: The Multiple Textual Identities of a 13th-Century Holy Woman

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      Open Library of the Humanities

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          Cities of Ladies : Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565

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            Introduction

            The current edition of the Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine features an overview of surgery as both an art and a science. This is a timely theme as surgery has undergone a rapid transition in the treatment of old diseases with new and minimally invasive techniques. The series of essays, scientific reviews, and original contributions reflects this transition. Charles B. Drucker describes the life and times of Ambroise Paré, the French barber-surgeon who replaced pedagogy with empirical observation. Application of his tenets resulted in humane treatment employing the intrinsic healing capacity of the body to repair injured tissues. Kwan, Irwin, and Leuver present a photo essay of surgical instruments in the collection of the Cushing-Whitney Medical Historical Library at Yale University. Daniel E. Hall describes the transition and maturation of the surgeon in training. He emphasizes the responsibility imparted to the surgeon who, through acquired knowledge and skill, is granted the privilege of exposing and repairing the tissues of another human being. The author, an ordained priest, presents a unique and parallel analogy of the operating theater and religious altar as holy places. Three sequential reviews in cardiac surgery emphasize the continuous refinements employed by the surgeon to treat diseases that have plagued humans throughout the course of recorded history. Sabet W. Hashim, a master of mitral valve repair, and colleagues describe the techniques employed to repair chronic mitral valve regurgitation. They emphasize the necessity of understanding and treating the underlying muscle pathology, including the papillary muscle and left ventricle. John A. Elefteriades presents an overview of thoracic aorta aneurysm repair by employing the analogy of reading the enemy’s playbook. There is perhaps no other individual in the world who has the depth of Dr. Elefteriades’s insights and experience. The third in the series by Toshiharu Shinoka and Christopher Breuer review groundbreaking tissue-engineering research being performed at the Yale University School of Medicine. This research is anticipated to result in the creation and implantation of the first tissue-engineered blood vessel replacements in the United States. Walter Longo and his colleagues in the Yale University Department of Surgery present original data on early specialization in surgery. This timely article has special significance as surgery is undergoing a transformation designed to address societal demands and the length and complexity of training the next generation of surgeons. Julie A. Freischlag presents a personal reflection of female surgeons in a male-dominated world. This issue of the Yale Journal of Biology of Medicine is both timely and informative. Adam Kaufman, a second-year medical student at the Yale University School of Medicine, is credited for his tireless organization and contributions.
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              Dialogus miraculorum

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