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      Increase of orexin A in the peripheral blood of adolescents with Internet gaming disorder

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          Overindulgence in Internet gaming, which is related to rapid development of the online game industry, can cause a psychiatric disorder known as Internet gaming disorder (IGD). The number of adolescents with IGD is on the rise in countries with developed Internet technologies, such as South Korea. Therefore, it is important to develop biomarkers to detect patients at high risk of IGD. This study investigated expression levels of proteins in the blood of adolescents to provide insight into the development of biomarkers.

          Methods

          We collected blood samples from 73 subjects [40 healthy adolescents (Internet gaming control, IGC) and 33 adolescents with IGD] between 13:00 and 15:00. We analyzed the expression levels of orexin A, oxytocin, cortisol, melatonin, BDNF, sICAM-1, RANTES, and NCAM using multiplex assay kits.

          Results

          Orexin A was significantly ( p = .016) elevated in the IGD group and the expression levels of melatonin tended to be higher ( p = .055) in the IGD group. On the other hand, increased Internet gaming time in the IGD group was negatively correlated ( p = .041) with expression of BDNF. On the contrary, sICAM-1 associated with inflammation exhibited the tendency of the positive correlation ( p = .073) with Internet gaming time in the IGD group.

          Discussion and conclusions

          We identified elevation of orexin A in the peripheral blood of adolescents with IGD and a negative correlation between Internet gaming time and BDNF in adolescents with IGD. Our results provide useful information to understand the pathophysiology of IGD in adolescents.

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          Most cited references86

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          A Global Measure of Perceived Stress

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            Orexins and Orexin Receptors: A Family of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides and G Protein-Coupled Receptors that Regulate Feeding Behavior

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              An international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM-5 approach.

              For the first time, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) introduces non-substance addictions as psychiatric diagnoses. The aims of this paper are to (i) present the main controversies surrounding the decision to include internet gaming disorder, but not internet addiction more globally, as a non-substance addiction in the research appendix of the DSM-5, and (ii) discuss the meaning behind the DSM-5 criteria for internet gaming disorder. The paper also proposes a common method for assessing internet gaming disorder. Although the need for common diagnostic criteria is not debated, the existence of multiple instruments reflect the divergence of opinions in the field regarding how best to diagnose this condition. We convened international experts from European, North and South American, Asian and Australasian countries to discuss and achieve consensus about assessing internet gaming disorder as defined within DSM-5. We describe the intended meaning behind each of the nine DSM-5 criteria for internet gaming disorder and present a single item that best reflects each criterion, translated into the 10 main languages of countries in which research on this condition has been conducted. Using results from this cross-cultural collaboration, we outline important research directions for understanding and assessing internet gaming disorder. As this field moves forward, it is critical that researchers and clinicians around the world begin to apply a common methodology; this report is the first to achieve an international consensus related to the assessment of internet gaming disorder. © 2014 Society for the Study of Addiction.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jba
                2006
                Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                J Behav Addict
                Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                2062-5871
                2063-5303
                17 January 2020
                : 9
                : 1
                : 93-104
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Dai-Jin Kim, MD, PhD; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Phone: +82 2 2258 6086; Fax: +82 2 594 3870; E-mail: kdj922@ 123456catholic.ac.kr
                Article
                10.1556/2006.8.2019.65
                3ce4e9fc-b043-4d9a-927e-93e66334594f
                © 2020 The Author(s)

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                : 28 May 2019
                : 10 September 2019
                : 16 October 2019
                : 24 November 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 03, Tables: 01, Equations: 00, References: 86, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funding sources: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2014M3C7A1062893). This funding source had no role in the design of this study and will not any role during its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data, or decision to submit results.
                Categories
                Full-Length Report

                Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                orexin A,Internet gaming disorder,melatonin,adolescent,BDNF

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