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      Tumor targeting via EPR: Strategies to enhance patient responses.

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          Abstract

          The tumor accumulation of nanomedicines relies on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In the last 5-10 years, it has been increasingly recognized that there is a large inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity in EPR-mediated tumor targeting, explaining the heterogeneous outcomes of clinical trials in which nanomedicine formulations have been evaluated. To address this heterogeneity, as in other areas of oncology drug development, we have to move away from a one-size-fits-all tumor targeting approach, towards methods that can be employed to individualize and improve nanomedicine treatments. To this end, efforts have to be invested in better understanding the nature, the complexity and the heterogeneity of the EPR effect, and in establishing systems and strategies to enhance, combine, bypass and image EPR-based tumor targeting. In the present manuscript, we summarize key studies in which these strategies are explored, and we discuss how these approaches can be employed to enhance patient responses.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Adv Drug Deliv Rev
          Advanced drug delivery reviews
          Elsevier BV
          1872-8294
          0169-409X
          May 2018
          : 130
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany.
          [2 ] Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany.
          [3 ] Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands. Electronic address: tlammers@ukaachen.de.
          Article
          S0169-409X(18)30173-X EMS79418
          10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.007
          6130746
          30009886
          c6d34eea-42bf-4af0-a963-cf7f56f351d0
          History

          Nanomedicine,EPR,Cancer,Tumor targeting,Drug delivery
          Nanomedicine, EPR, Cancer, Tumor targeting, Drug delivery

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