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      Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep in Inner Mongolia Province, China Translated title: Séroprévalence de l’infection par Toxoplasma gondii des moutons dans la province de Mongolie intérieure, Chine

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          Abstract

          Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans, and infection may result in many adverse effects on animal husbandry production. Animal husbandry in Inner Mongolia is well developed, but data on T. gondii infection in sheep are lacking. In this study, we determined the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with the seroprevalence of T. gondii using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. A total of 1853 serum samples were collected from 29 counties of Xilin Gol League ( n = 624), Hohhot City ( n = 225), Ordos City ( n = 158), Wulanchabu City ( n = 144), Bayan Nur City ( n = 114) and Hulunbeir City ( n = 588). The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii was 15.43%. Risk factor analysis showed that seroprevalence was higher in sheep ≥12 months of age (21.85%) than that in sheep <12 months of age (10.20%) ( p < 0.01). Seroprevalence was higher in male sheep (18.76%) than females (12.80%) ( p < 0.01). Barn-feeding sheep (23.13%) had higher prevalence than grazing sheep (10.94%) ( p < 0.01). The seroprevalence was significantly different in different districts ( p < 0.01). This study shows that sheep are exposed to T. gondii in Inner Mongolia, and provides a data reference for public health and disease control.

          Translated abstract

          Toxoplasma gondii est un parasite zoonotique important qui peut infecter presque tous les animaux à sang chaud, y compris les humains, et son infection peut entraîner de nombreux effets néfastes sur la production animale. L’élevage de Mongolie intérieure est développé, mais les données sur l’infection des moutons par T. gondii manquent. Dans cette étude, nous avons déterminé la séroprévalence et les facteurs de risque associés à la séroprévalence de T. gondii en utilisant un test immuno-enzymatique indirect (ELISA). Un total de 1853 échantillons de sérum ont été prélevés dans vingt-neuf comtés de la Ligue Xilin Gol ( n = 624), Hohhot City ( n = 225), Ordos City ( n = 158), Wulanchabu City ( n = 144), Bayan Nur City ( n = 114) et la ville de Hulunbeir ( n = 588). La séroprévalence globale de T. gondii était de 15,43 %. L’analyse des facteurs de risque a montré que le taux d’infection était plus élevé chez les ovins ≥ 12 mois (21,85 %) que chez les ovins <12 mois (10,20 %) ( p < 0,01). Les moutons mâles (18,76 %) avaient une séroprévalence plus élevée que les femelles (12,80 %) ( p < 0,01). Les moutons nourris à l’étable (23,13 %) avaient une séroprévalence plus élevée que ceux au pâturage (10,94 %) ( p < 0,01). La séroprévalence était significativement différente entre les différents districts ( p < 0,01). L’étude a montré que les moutons étaient exposés à T. gondii en Mongolie intérieure et a fourni une référence de données pour la santé publique et la lutte contre les maladies.

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          Most cited references23

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          Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats: seroprevalence and potential risk factors under dairy husbandry practices.

          Sheep and goats are highly susceptible for infections with Toxoplasma gondii and may play a major role in the transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans. The aim of this study was to obtain up-to-date data on T. gondii infection in small ruminants and to identify putative risk factors in sheep and goats reared under dairy husbandry systems most commonly applied in Greece. To this end, ELISA tests were established for the examination of sheep and goat sera based on the use of TgSAG1, a major surface antigen of T. gondii tachyzoites. Serum samples from 2-4 years old small ruminants, 1501 from sheep and 541 from goats were examined. These samples had been collected on 69 farms in a mountainous and in a costal environment of Northern Greece from September 2008 to January 2009. In addition to farms containing only sheep (n=28) and farms containing only goats (n=9) also mixed farms with both animal species (n=32) were sampled. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain information on putative risk factors. Sheep showed a higher seroprevalence (48.6% [729/1501]) for T. gondii than goats (30.7% [166/541]). Univariate multi-level modelling assuming random effects by the factor "farm" revealed that goats were statistically significantly less often seropositive than sheep (OR 0.475 [95% CI: 0.318-0.707]). No statistically significant regional differences in seroprevalence were observed. Risk factor analysis using univariate multi-level modelling revealed that sheep and goats that were kept under intensive (OR 4.30 [95% CI: 1.39-13.27]) or semi-intensive (OR 5.35 [95% CI: 2.33-12.28]) conditions had significantly higher odds of being seropositive. Further significant risk factors were "feeding concentrate" (OR 3.88 [95% CI: 1.81-8.29]) and providing "water from the public supply" (OR 1.67 [95% CI: 4.56-12.39]) to small ruminants.
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            Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification-Lateral-Flow Dipstick (LAMP-LFD) to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocyst in ready-to-eat salad

            The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a foodborne zoonosis with a global distribution and estimated to cause up to 20% of the total foodborne disease burden in Europe. Association between T. gondii infection and the consumption of unwashed raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with oocysts has been reported and the increasing habit to eat pre-washed ready-to-eat salads poses a new potential risk for consumers. It is therefore important to trace the occurrence of potential contamination with this parasite to guarantee the safety of ready-to-eat vegetables. Detection of T. gondii in vegetables by molecular techniques has been achieved but low sensitivity (PCR) or expensive equipments (qPCR) limit routine applicability. Here, we describe the development and validation of a sensitive and robust method relying on a LAMP assay, targeting the 529 bp locus, to detect T. gondii oocysts down to 25 oocysts/50 g in ready-to-eat baby lettuce. The LAMP has been also adapted for a faster visualization of the result by a lateral flow dipstick chromatographic detection method.
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              Isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii from tissues and feces of cats from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

              Cats are important in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii because they are the only hosts that excrete environmentally resistant oocysts in feces. In the present study, hearts, serum, and feces from 36 feral cats from Addis Ababa area, Ethiopia, were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were determined with the modified agglutination test (MAT, cutoff 1:25); 33 cats were seropositive. Hearts of all 36 cats were homogenized, digested in pepsin, and bioassayed in mice. Feces were examined for T. gondii oocysts by bioassay in mice. Viable T. gondii was isolated from heart of 26 by bioassay in mice and from 25 seropositive and 1 seronegative cats. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from feces (oocysts) by bioassay in mice. In total, viable T. gondii was isolated from 27 of the 36 cats, and these isolates were designated TgCatEt1 to TgCatEt27. The high prevalence of T. gondii oocysts in feces of 8 (19.4%) of 36 cats is of high epidemiologic significance. This is the first report of isolation of viable T. gondii from any host in Ethiopia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                parasite
                https://www.parasite-journal.org
                Parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1776-1042
                19 February 2020
                2020
                19 February 2020
                19 February 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 11
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Food Science and Engineering College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, , Hohhot 010018, PR China,
                [2 ] Inner Mongolia Food Safety and Inspection Testing Center, , Hohhot 010090, PR China,
                [3 ] Inner Mongolia KingGoal Technology Service Co., Ltd., , Hohhot 010010, PR China,
                Author notes
                [a]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [* ]Corresponding author: yanxinlei1987620@ 123456foxmail.com
                Article
                parasite200008
                10.1051/parasite/2020008
                26e9a2cc-47b2-4d5f-a3f5-1f0422356aea
                © X. Yan et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 January 2020
                : 08 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Parasite 27, 11 (2020)
                2020
                2020
                2020

                Parasitology,Life sciences
                Toxoplasma gondii,Sheep,ELISA,Seroprevalence,China,Inner Mongolia
                Parasitology, Life sciences
                Toxoplasma gondii, Sheep, ELISA, Seroprevalence, China, Inner Mongolia

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