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      Three-dimensional echocardiography: rational mode of component images for left ventricular volume quantitation.

      Radiology
      Cardiac Volume, physiology, Echocardiography, Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional, methods, Heart Aneurysm, ultrasonography, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Linear Models, Myocardial Infarction, Phantoms, Imaging, Sensitivity and Specificity, Technology Assessment, Biomedical

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          Abstract

          Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) improves the accuracy of left ventricle (LV) volumetry compared with the two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) approach because geometric assumptions in the algorithms may be eliminated. The relationship between accuracy of mode (short- versus long-axis planimetry) and the number of component images versus time required for analysis remains to be determined. Sixteen latex models simulating heterogeneously distorted (aneurysmatic) human LVs (56-303 ml; mean 182+/-82 ml) were scanned from an 'apical' position (simultaneous 2DE and 3DE). For 3DE volumetry, the slice thickness was varied for the short (C-scan) and long axes (B-scan) in 5-mm steps between 1 and 25 mm. The mean differences (true-echocardiographic volumes) were 16.5+/-44.3 ml in the 2DE approach (95% confidence intervals -27.8 to +60.8) and 0.6+/-4.0 ml (short axis; 95% confidence intervals -3.4 to +4.6) as well as 2.1+/-9.9 ml (long axis; 95% confidence intervals -7.8 to +12.0) in the 3DE approach (in both cases, the slice thickness was 1 mm). Above a slice thickness of 15 mm, the 95% confidence intervals increased steeply; in the short versus long axes, these were -6.5 to +8.5 versus -7.0 to +10.6 at 15 mm and -10.1 to +15.7 versus -11.3 to +10.9 at 20 mm. The intra-observer variance differed significantly (p<0.001) only above 15 mm (short axis). Time required for analysis derived by measuring short-axis slice thicknesses of 1, 15, and 25 mm was 58+/-16, 7+/-2 and 3+/-1 min, respectively. The most rational component image analysis for 3DE volumetry in the in vitro model uses short-axis slices with a thickness of 15 mm. Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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          Three-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular volume in vitro: Comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography and cineventriculography

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            Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic volumetry of distorted left ventricles using rotational scanning

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              Tomographic left ventricular volume determination in the presence of aneurysm by three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging. I: Asymmetric model hearts.

              To improve the accuracy of measurements of left ventricular volume in the presence of an aneurysm, we used three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging to analyze the shape of left ventricles in 23 asymmetric model hearts with eccentric aneurysms of different sizes, shapes, and localizations. A standard 3.75 MHz ultrasound probe with a rotation motor device was used to obtain a three-dimensional data set. By rotating the probe stepwise 1 degree, 180 radial ultrasound pictures were digitized. On the basis of the three-dimensional data set, the following parameters were determined and compared with the dimensions of the model hearts obtained by direct measurement: total left ventricular volume (LVV), aneurysm volume, area of the aneurysm's base, the longest aneurysm long diameter, and the longest aneurysm cross diameter. In addition, quantification of LVV by three-dimensional echocardiography was compared with biplane two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement according to the disk method. Good agreements were found for LVV measured by both techniques, three-dimensional echocardiographic and direct measurement (mean of differences = 0.91 ml; SD of differences = +/- 6.23 ml; line of regression y = 1.07 x - 14.24 ml; r = 0.968; standard error of the estimate [SEE] = +/- 6.17 ml), aneurysm volume (mean of differences = 0.43 ml; SD of differences = +/- 2.14 ml; line of regression y = 1.05 x - 0.81 ml; r = 0.996; SEE = +/- 1.96 ml), area of the aneurysm's base (mean of differences = 0.24 cm2; SD of differences = +/- 1.72 cm2; line of regression y = 1.02 x - 0.02 cm2; r = 0.981; SEE = +/- 1.75 cm2), the longest aneurysm long diameter (mean of differences = -0.26 mm; SD of differences = +/- 1.60 mm; line of regression y = 0.97 x + 1.34 mm; r = 0.996; SEE = +/- 1.54 mm), and the longest aneurysm cross diameter (mean of differences = 1.35 mm; SD of differences = +/- 3.94 mm; line of regression y = 0.95 x + 3.17 mm; r = 0.941; SEE = +/- 3.99 mm). In contrast, in these extremely asymmetric-shaped model hearts, agreement between biplane two-dimensional echocardiographic and both direct LVV measurement (mean of differences = 7.8 ml; SD of differences = +/- 20.8 ml; line of regression y = 1.48 x - 92.45 ml; r = 0.874; SEE = +/- 18.36 ml) and three-dimensional echocardiographic measurements (mean of differences = -7.6 ml; SD of difference = +/- 18.1 ml; line of regression y = 0.59 x + 80.98 ml; r = 0.908; SEE = +/- 10.36 ml) was poor. Thus tomographic three-dimensional echocardiography allowed accurate volume determination of asymmetric model hearts in the shape of left ventricles with eccentric aneurysms.
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