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      Impulsive Behaviors in Patients With Pathological Buying

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          Abstract

          Aim

          To investigate impulsive behaviors in pathological buying (PB).

          Methods

          The study included three groups matched for age and gender: treatment seeking outpatients with PB (PB+), treatment seeking psychiatric inpatients without PB (PB−), and a healthy control group (HC). PB was assessed by means of the Compulsive Buying Scale and by the impulse control disorder (ICD) module of the research version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-ICD). All participants answered questionnaires concerning symptoms of borderline personality disorder, self-harming behaviors, binge eating and symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, comorbid ICDs were assessed using the SCID-ICD.

          Results

          The PB+ and PB− groups did not differ with regard to borderline personality disorder or ADHD symptoms, but both groups reported significantly more symptoms than the HC group. Frequencies of self-harming behaviors did not differ between the three groups. Patients with PB were more often diagnosed with any current ICD (excluding PB) compared to those without PB and the HC group (38.7% vs. 12.9% vs. 12.9%, respectively, p=.017).

          Discussion

          Our findings confirm prior research suggesting more impulsive behaviors in patients with and without PB compared to healthy controls. The results of the questionnaire-based assessment indicate that outpatients with PB perceive themselves equally impulsive and self-harm as frequently as inpatients without PB; but they seem to suffer more often from an ICD as assessed by means of an interview.

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          Most cited references60

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          The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion.

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            Emotion-based dispositions to rash action: positive and negative urgency.

            Under heightened emotional states, individuals are more inclined to engage in ill-considered or rash actions than at other times. The authors present evidence for the existence of 2 related traits called positive and negative urgency. The traits refer to individual differences in the disposition to engage in rash action when experiencing extreme positive and negative affect, respectively. The authors provide evidence that these traits are distinct from other dispositions toward rash action and that they play distinct roles in predicting problem levels of involvement in behaviors such as alcohol consumption, binge eating, drug use, and risky sexual behavior. The authors identify facilitative conditions for the emergence of the urgency traits from neuroscience. Certain gene polymorphisms are associated with low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine; that pattern of neurotransmitter activity in a brain system linking the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala appears to facilitate the development of positive and negative urgency. The authors discuss the implications of this theory.
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              Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle?

              The authors review evidence that self-control may consume a limited resource. Exerting self-control may consume self-control strength, reducing the amount of strength available for subsequent self-control efforts. Coping with stress, regulating negative affect, and resisting temptations require self-control, and after such self-control efforts, subsequent attempts at self-control are more likely to fail. Continuous self-control efforts, such as vigilance, also degrade over time. These decrements in self-control are probably not due to negative moods or learned helplessness produced by the initial self-control attempt. These decrements appear to be specific to behaviors that involve self-control; behaviors that do not require self-control neither consume nor require self-control strength. It is concluded that the executive component of the self--in particular, inhibition--relies on a limited, consumable resource.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Behav Addict
                J Behav Addict
                jba
                JBA
                Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                2062-5871
                2063-5303
                14 July 2016
                September 2016
                : 5
                : 3
                : 457-464
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
                [2 ]Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
                [3 ]Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Heike Zander, Psy.D.; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Phone: +49 511 532 6696; Fax: +49 511 532 18579; E-mail: Zander.Heike@ 123456mh-hannover.de
                Article
                10.1556/2006.5.2016.050
                5264413
                27415604
                f257e4fd-8538-4dea-9ab0-4c207bd54b16
                © 2016 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 17 November 2015
                : 21 April 2016
                : 28 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funding sources: No financial support was received for this study.
                Categories
                Full-Length Report

                pathological buying,impulsivity,borderline personality,self-harm,attention deficit,hyperactivity disorder,binge eating

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