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      Addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in transversus abdominis plane block potentiates post-operative pain relief among abdominal hysterectomy patients: A prospective randomized controlled trial.

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          Abstract

          Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist, prolongs analgesia when used in neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks. We studied the effect of addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine to perform transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block.

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          Effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine or clonidine on the characteristics of bupivacaine spinal block.

          M Aouad, Marwa R. Al-Badri, A S Baraka … (2006)
          The purpose of this study was to compare the onset and duration of sensory and motor block, as well as the hemodynamic changes and level of sedation, following intrathecal bupivacaine supplemented with either dexmedetomidine or clonidine. In a prospective, double-blind study, 60 patients undergoing transurethral resection of prostate or bladder tumor under spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Group B received 12 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine, group D received 12 mg of bupivacaine supplemented with 3 microg of dexmedetomidine and group C received 12 mg of bupivacaine supplemented with 30 microg of clonidine. The onset times to reach peak sensory and motor levels, and the sensory and motor regression times, were recorded. Hemodynamic changes and the level of sedation were also recorded. Patients in groups D and C had a significantly shorter onset time of motor block and significantly longer sensory and motor regression times than patients in group B. The mean time of sensory regression to the S1 segment was 303 +/- 75 min in group D, 272 +/- 38 min in group C and 190 +/- 48 min in group B (B vs. D and B vs. C, P < 0.001). The regression of motor block to Bromage 0 was 250 +/- 76 min in group D, 216 +/- 35 min in group C and 163 +/- 47 min in group B (B vs. D and B vs. C, P < 0.001). The onset and regression times were not significantly different between groups D and C. The mean arterial pressure, heart rate and level of sedation were similar in the three groups intra-operatively and post-operatively. Dexmedetomidine (3 microg) or clonidine (30 microg), when added to intrathecal bupivacaine, produces a similar prolongation in the duration of the motor and sensory block with preserved hemodynamic stability and lack of sedation.
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            The analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane block after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial.

            Kimberly Benton, Chrisen Maharaj, John G McDonnell … (2007)
            The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an effective method of providing postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing midline abdominal wall incisions. We evaluated its analgesic efficacy over the first 48 postoperative hours after cesarean delivery performed through a Pfannensteil incision, in a randomized controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. Fifty women undergoing elective cesarean delivery were randomized to undergo TAP block with ropivacaine (n = 25) versus placebo (n = 25), in addition to standard postoperative analgesia comprising patient-controlled IV morphine analgesia and regular diclofenac and acetaminophen. All patients received a standard spinal anesthetic, and at the end of surgery, a bilateral TAP block was performed using 1.5 mg/kg ropivacaine (to a maximal dose of 150 mg) or saline on each side. Each patient was assessed postoperatively by a blinded investigator: in the postanesthesia care unit and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h postoperatively. The TAP block with ropivacaine compared with placebo reduced postoperative visual analog scale pain scores. Mean (+/- sd) total morphine requirements in the first 48 postoperative hours were also reduced (66 +/- 26 vs 18 +/- 14 mg, P < 0.001), as was the 12-h interval morphine consumption up to 36 h postoperatively. The incidence of sedation was reduced in patients undergoing TAP blockade. There were no complications attributable to the TAP block. The TAP block, as a component of a multimodal analgesic regimen, provided superior analgesia when compared with placebo block up to 48 postoperative hours after elective cesarean delivery.
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              Perineural administration of dexmedetomidine in combination with bupivacaine enhances sensory and motor blockade in sciatic nerve block without inducing neurotoxicity in rat.

              Mary A Norat, M M Palmisano, John M Palmisano … (2008)
              The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that high-dose dexmedetomidine added to local anesthetic would increase the duration of sensory and motor blockade in a rat model of sciatic nerve blockade without causing nerve damage. Thirty-one adult Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral sciatic nerve blocks with either 0.2 ml bupivacaine, 0.5%, and 0.5% bupivacaine plus 0.005% dexmedetomidine in the contralateral extremity, or 0.2 ml dexmedetomidine, 0.005%, and normal saline in the contralateral extremity. Sensory and motor function were assessed by a blinded investigator every 30 min until the return of normal sensory and motor function. Sciatic nerves were harvested at either 24 h or 14 days after injection and analyzed for perineural inflammation and nerve damage. High-dose dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine significantly enhanced the duration of sensory and motor blockade. Dexmedetomidine alone did not cause significant motor or sensory block. All of the nerves analyzed had normal axons and myelin at 24 h and 14 days. Bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine showed less perineural inflammation at 24 h than the bupivacaine group when compared with the saline control. The finding that high-dose dexmedetomidine can safely improve the duration of bupivacaine-induced antinociception after sciatic nerve blockade in rats is an essential first step encouraging future studies in humans. The dose of dexmedetomidine used in this study may exceed the sedative safety threshold in humans and could cause prolonged motor blockade; therefore, future work with clinically relevant doses is necessary.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Saudi J Anaesth
                Title: Saudi journal of anaesthesia
                Publisher: Medknow
                ISSN: 1658-354X
                Publication date (Electronic): Apr 2014
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Anesthesiology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
                [2 ] Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: SJA-8-161
                DOI: 10.4103/1658-354X.130683
                PMC ID: 4024669
                PubMed ID: 24843325
                SO-VID: 1e694575-da04-4db8-ba7b-22d583d190cc
                History

                Keywords: Bupivacaine,dexmedetomidine,pain,transversus abdominis plane block
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Bupivacaine, dexmedetomidine, pain, transversus abdominis plane block

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