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      Is Open Access

      Differences in gut microbial composition correlate with regional brain volumes in irritable bowel syndrome.

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          Abstract

          Preclinical and clinical evidence supports the concept of bidirectional brain-gut microbiome interactions. We aimed to determine if subgroups of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subjects can be identified based on differences in gut microbial composition, and if there are correlations between gut microbial measures and structural brain signatures in IBS.

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          Most cited references37

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          The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms.

          Somatization is prevalent in primary care and is associated with substantial functional impairment and healthcare utilization. However, instruments for identifying and monitoring somatic symptoms are few in number and not widely used. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief measure of the severity of somatic symptoms. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-15 comprises 15 somatic symptoms from the PHQ, each symptom scored from 0 ("not bothered at all") to 2 ("bothered a lot"). The PHQ-15 was administered to 6000 patients in eight general internal medicine and family practice clinics and seven obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Outcomes included functional status as assessed by the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey (SF-20), self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. As PHQ-15 somatic symptom severity increased, there was a substantial stepwise decrement in functional status on all six SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and healthcare utilization increased. PHQ-15 scores of 5, 10, 15, represented cutoff points for low, medium, and high somatic symptom severity, respectively. Somatic and depressive symptom severity had differential effects on outcomes. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. The PHQ-15 is a brief, self-administered questionnaire that may be useful in screening for somatization and in monitoring somatic symptom severity in clinical practice and research.
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            Early life stress alters behavior, immunity, and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses.

            Adverse early life events are associated with a maladaptive stress response system and might increase the vulnerability to disease in later life. Several disorders have been associated with early life stress, ranging from depression to irritable bowel syndrome. This makes the identification of the neurobiological substrates that are affected by adverse experiences in early life invaluable. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of early life stress on the brain-gut axis. Male rat pups were stressed by separating them from their mothers for 3 hours daily between postnatal days 2-12. The control group was left undisturbed with their mothers. Behavior, immune response, stress sensitivity, visceral sensation, and fecal microbiota were analyzed. The early life stress increased the number of fecal boli in response to a novel stress. Plasma corticosterone was increased in the maternally separated animals. An increase in the systemic immune response was noted in the stressed animals after an in vitro lipopolysaccharide challenge. Increased visceral sensation was seen in the stressed group. There was an alteration of the fecal microbiota when compared with the control group. These results show that this form of early life stress results in an altered brain-gut axis and is therefore an important model for investigating potential mechanistic insights into stress-related disorders including depression and IBS.
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              Defining a healthy human gut microbiome: current concepts, future directions, and clinical applications.

              Indigenous microbiota are an essential component in the modern concept of human health, but the composition and functional characteristics of a healthy microbiome remain to be precisely defined. Patterns of microbial colonization associated with disease states have been documented, but the health-associated microbial patterns and their functional characteristics are less clear. A healthy microbiome, considered in the context of body habitat or body site, could be described in terms of ecologic stability (i.e., ability to resist community structure change under stress or to rapidly return to baseline following a stress-related change), by an idealized (presumably health-associated) composition or by a desirable functional profile (including metabolic and trophic provisions to the host). Elucidation of the properties of healthy microbiota would provide a target for dietary interventions and/or microbial modifications aimed at sustaining health in generally healthy populations and improving the health of individuals exhibiting disrupted microbiota and associated diseases. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Microbiome
                Microbiome
                Springer Nature
                2049-2618
                2049-2618
                May 01 2017
                : 5
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. jlabus@ucla.edu.
                [2 ] Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CHS 42-210 MC737818 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7378, USA. jlabus@ucla.edu.
                [3 ] Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates Ave., Houston, TX, USA.
                [4 ] Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA.
                [5 ] Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
                [6 ] Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
                [7 ] Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CHS 42-210 MC737818 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7378, USA.
                [8 ] Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. emayer@ucla.edu.
                [9 ] Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, CHS 42-210 MC737818 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7378, USA. emayer@ucla.edu.
                Article
                10.1186/s40168-017-0260-z
                10.1186/s40168-017-0260-z
                5410709
                28457228
                61fa544e-822d-4819-be65-f8bbc2496439
                History

                Bacteroidetes,Brain-gut-microbiome axis,Firmicutes,Irritable bowel syndrome,Metagenome

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