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      Correlação entre a lesão encefálica e a disfagia em pacientes adultos com acidente vascular encefálico

      International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology
      Fundação Otorrinolaringologia
      stroke, deglutition disorders, ischemic attack, transient, acidente cerebral vascular, transtornos de deglutição, ataque isquêmico transitório

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          Abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência da disfagia orofaríngea, em pacientes com acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), varia de 20% a 90% na literatura. Estudos correlacionam a localização do AVE com a presença de disfagia e outros não a correlacionam. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a lesão encefálica com a disfagia em pacientes com diagnóstico de AVE, considerando-se o tipo e a localização do AVE. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo realizado no Hospital de Clínicas com 30 pacientes com AVE, sendo 18 do sexo feminino e 12 do masculino. Todos realizaram avaliações clínica e nasolaringofibroscópica da deglutição (FEES®) e divididos pela localização da lesão: córtex cerebral, córtex cerebelar e áreas subcorticais e tipo: hemorrágico, isquêmico ou transitório. RESULTADOS: Dos 30, 18 apresentaram AVE tipo isquêmico, dois hemorrágico e 10 transitório. Sobre a localização, 10 a apresentaram no córtex cerebral, três nos córtices cerebral e cerebelar, três no córtex cerebral e subcortical, um nos córtices cerebral, cerebelar e subcortical e três subcortical. Na avaliação clínica houve predomínio da disfagia oral em pacientes com lesão no córtex cerebral e subcortical do tipo isquêmico. No FEES® a diminuição da sensibilidade laríngea predominou no córtex cerebral e tipo isquêmico. Os resíduos faríngeos em valéculas epiglóticas associadas com recessos piriformes predominaram no córtex cerebral em todas as consistências e tipo isquêmico. Um paciente com lesão nos córtices cerebral e cerebelar apresentou penetração laríngea e aspiração traqueal nas consistências líquida e mel, do tipo isquêmico. CONCLUSÃO: Houve predomínio da disfagia na localização da lesão no córtex cerebral e do tipo isquêmico.

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          Most cited references27

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          The development and use of an 8-point, equal-appearing interval scale to describe penetration and aspiration events are described. Scores are determined primarily by the depth to which material passes in the airway and by whether or not material entering the airway is expelled. Intra- and interjudge reliability have been established. Clinical and scientific uses of the scale are discussed.
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              Supraglottic and pharyngeal sensory abnormalities in stroke patients with dysphagia.

              Dysphagia and aspiration are two devastating sequelae of stroke, accounting for nearly 40,000 deaths from aspiration pneumonia each year in the United States. While motor deficits in the larynx and pharynx are thought responsible for dysphagia and aspiration in stroke patients, no prior study has evaluated whether these patients also have sensory deficits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory capacity of the laryngopharynx (LP) in supratentorial or brain stem stroke patients who presented with dysphagia. Fifteen stroke patients (mean age, 66.7 +/- 13.8 [SD] years) were prospectively evaluated by means of our previously described method whereby air pulse stimuli were delivered via a flexible fiberoptic telescope to the mucosa innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. There were 15 age-matched controls. No LP sensory deficits were found in any of the age-matched controls. In all stroke patients studied, either unilateral (n = 9) or bilateral (n = 6) sensory deficits were identified. Deficits were defined as either a moderate impairment in sensory discrimination thresholds (3.5 to 6.0 mm Hg) or a severe sensory impairment (> 6.0 mm Hg). These sensory discrimination thresholds were significantly greater than in age-matched controls (7.05 +/- 0.17 mm Hg for the supratentorial group and 6.05 +/- 1.22 mm Hg for the infratentorial group versus 2.61 +/- 0.69 mm Hg for the controls). Among patients with unilateral deficits, sensory thresholds were moderately to severely elevated in all 9 cases on the affected side compared with the unaffected side (p < .01, Fisher's exact test). Moreover, the sensory thresholds of the unaffected side were not significantly different from those of age-matched controls (2.51 +/- 0.25 mm Hg versus 2.61 +/- 0.69 mm Hg, respectively). All 6 patients with bilateral deficits had severe impairments. The results of an outcome assessment in 13 of 15 patients revealed that 2 out of 5 patients with moderate LP sensory impairment and 5 out of 8 with severe impairment developed aspiration. Our results show for the first time that stroke patients with dysphagia have significant sensory deficits in the LP and that these impairments are likely to contribute to the development of aspiration.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                S1809-48642012000300003
                10.7162/S1809-97772012000300003
                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                Otolaryngology
                stroke,deglutition disorders,ischemic attack,transient,acidente cerebral vascular,transtornos de deglutição,ataque isquêmico transitório

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