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      Pituitary Hyperplasia in Severe Primary Hypothyroidism: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 4
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Case Reports in Endocrinology
      Publisher: Hindawi Limited

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          Abstract

          Pituitary hyperplasia is commonly present but remains largely undiagnosed in primary hypothyroidism. It is easily reversible with thyroid replacement therapy. If imaging is performed prior to biochemical evaluation, then patients may undergo pituitary surgery. We present the case of a 34-year-old female with profound primary hypothyroidism and secondary pituitary hyperplasia that resolved after thyroid hormone supplementation. We will discuss the current literature regarding pituitary hyperplasia in primary hypothyroidism in adults.

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          Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors

          P. Beck-Peccoz (1996)
          Article 0 comments Cited 23 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Pituitary enlargement in patients with primary hypothyroidism.

            Nahla M Khawaja, Bassam M Taher, Muries Barham … (2016)
            To assesses the frequency and degree of pituitary hyperplasia in patients with primary hypothyroidism, the association of pituitary enlargement with disease severity, and the response to treatment. Between April 2002 and August 2004 at the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics in Amman, Jordan, 53 patients (49 female and 4 male subjects) with primary hypothyroidism and serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) levels of > or = 50 microIU/mL were encountered. Initial and follow-up investigations included thyroid function tests, serum prolactin levels, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary. Visual field examination was requested for all patients with pituitary enlargement (and adequately completed in 24). Pituitary enlargement on MRI was found in 37 of the 53 patients (70%), with 31 of the 37 patients (84%) having TSH levels of > or = 100 microIU/mL. After thyroxine treatment, 85% of the patients with pituitary enlargement who underwent a follow-up MRI showed a decrease in size of the gland. About half of the patients were referred to our facility with the diagnosis of hypothyroidism; presenting features in the rest of the patients included galactorrhea, menstrual irregularities, learning disability, short stature, precocious puberty, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, headaches, visual field defects, and dry ichthyotic skin. The association between pituitary gland enlargement and primary hypothyroidism should be kept in mind when pituitary hyperplasia is detected on MRI, before unwarranted and drastic interventions are initiated.
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              Pituitary hyperplasia.

              Susanna Horvath, K Kovács, B. Scheithauer (1999)
              Comprehensive article summarizing more than 25 years of experience with pituitary hyperplasia in surgical material. Morphologic forms of hyperplasia--diffuse and nodular--are defined and, for comparison, the normal morphology, frequency and intraglandular distribution of cell types are briefly reviewed. All cell types can give rise to hyperplasia, although their frequency, extent and clinical importance widely vary. Somatotroph hyperplasia is rare; it is limited to cases of GHRH overproduction by extrapituitary endocrine neoplasms and sporadic examples of gigantism. Prolactin cells display the highest propensity for non-neoplastic proliferation. Physiologic hyperplasia occurs in pregnancy and lactation. Pathological hyperplasia is mostly secondary to other, neoplastic or non-neoplastic, space occupying processes. Idiopathic lactotroph hyperplasia is very rare. The much-disputed corticotroph hyperplasia is infrequent cause of pituitary dependent Cushing's disease. Despite difficulties of diagnosis in fragmented biopsies, several well-documented cases prove the existence of corticotroph hyperplasia which is nearly always nodular. Thyrotroph hyperplasia, secondary to hypothyroidism, a treatable condition, is not expected to occur in surgical material, yet several cases have been identified. Operated lesions are massive nodular leading to significant pituitary enlargement thereby mimicking TSH- or PRL-producing adenoma. Hyperprolactinemia is a frequent concomitant of severe thyrotroph hyperplasia. Gonadotroph hyperplasia and proliferation of pars intermedia derived POMC cells are not likely to occur in surgical material and have no clinical significance. Adenoma formation may rarely be associated with any type of pituitary hyperplasia.
              Article 0 comments Cited 14 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Case Reports in Endocrinology
                Abbreviated Title: Case Reports in Endocrinology
                Publisher: Hindawi Limited
                ISSN (Print): 2090-6501
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-651X
                Publication date Created: June 25 2019
                Publication date (Print): June 25 2019
                Volume: 2019
                Pages: 1-7
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Internal Medicine, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
                [2 ]University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
                [3 ]Division of Neurosurgery, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
                [4 ]Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, UConn Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2019/2012546
                SO-VID: ae1512a6-991a-422d-8018-7376f30815b1
                Copyright © © 2019
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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