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      Barriers and facilitators to smoking cessation in a cancer context: A qualitative study of patient, family and professional views.

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          Abstract

          Continued smoking after cancer adversely affects quality of life and survival, but one fifth of cancer survivors still smoke. Despite its demands, cancer presents an opportunity for positive behaviour change. Smoking often occurs in social groups, therefore interventions which target families and individuals may be more successful. This qualitative study explored patients, family members and health professionals' views and experiences of smoking and smoking cessation after cancer, in order to inform future interventions.

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          Most cited references47

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          Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis.

          Sara Gandini, Edoardo Botteri, Simona Iodice … (2008)
          We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of observational studies on cigarette smoking and cancer from 1961 to 2003. The aim was to quantify the risk for 13 cancer sites, recognized to be related to tobacco smoking by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and to analyze the risk variation for each site in a systematic manner. We extracted data from 254 reports published between 1961 and 2003 (177 case-control studies, 75 cohorts and 2 nested case-control studies) included in the 2004 IARC Monograph on Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. The analyses were carried out on 216 studies with reported estimates for 'current' and/or 'former' smokers. We performed sensitivity analysis, and looked for publication and other types of bias. Lung (RR = 8.96; 95% CI: 6.73-12.11), laryngeal (RR = 6.98; 95% CI: 3.14-15.52) and pharyngeal (RR = 6.76; 95% CI: 2.86-15.98) cancers presented the highest relative risks (RRs) for current smokers, followed by upper digestive tract (RR = 3.57; 95% CI: 2.63-4.84) and oral (RR = 3.43; 95% CI: 2.37-4.94) cancers. As expected, pooled RRs for respiratory cancers were greater than the pooled estimates for other sites. The analysis of heterogeneity showed that study type, gender and adjustment for confounding factors significantly influence the RRs estimates and the reliability of the studies. Copyright 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Interventions with family caregivers of cancer patients: meta-analysis of randomized trials.

            Laurel L Northouse, Maria C Katapodi, Lixin Song … (2010)
            Family caregivers of cancer patients receive little preparation, information, or support to perform their caregiving role. However, their psychosocial needs must be addressed so they can maintain their own health and provide the best possible care to the patient. The purpose of this article is to analyze the types of interventions offered to family caregivers of cancer patients, and to determine the effect of these interventions on various caregiver outcomes. Meta-analysis was used to analyze data obtained from 29 randomized clinical trials published from 1983 through March 2009. Three types of interventions were offered to caregivers: psychoeducational, skills training, and therapeutic counseling. Most interventions were delivered jointly to patients and caregivers, but they varied considerably with regard to dose and duration. The majority of caregivers were female (64%) and Caucasian (84%), and ranged in age from 18 to 92 years (mean age, 55 years). Meta-analysis indicated that although these interventions had small to medium effects, they significantly reduced caregiver burden, improved caregivers' ability to cope, increased their self-efficacy, and improved aspects of their quality of life. Various intervention characteristics were also examined as potential moderators. Clinicians need to deliver research-tested interventions to help caregivers and patients cope effectively and maintain their quality of life. Copyright 2010 American Cancer Society, Inc.
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              Health behaviors of cancer survivors: data from an Australian population-based survey.

              Maureen P Lawler, Peter D Baade, Marina Reeves … (2007)
              With increases in cancer survival, promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviors among survivors is receiving considerable attention. This study compared health behaviors among a large sample of Australian adult cancer survivors with an age- and sex-matched cohort of people with no cancer history. Using the Australian National Health Survey, 968 cancer survivors were identified, and randomly matched by age and sex to 5,808 respondents without a history of cancer. Six health behaviors were compared (smoking, physical activity, servings of vegetables, servings of fruit, alcohol use, skin checks), along with overweight and obesity, using polytomous logistic regression analyses controlling for selected chronic conditions. Models were applied across both groups and by tumor site. Compared to the non-cancer comparison group, cancer survivors were significantly more likely to be current (OR = 1.35) smokers, particularly those under 40 years (OR = 1.69), and more likely to have regular skin checks (OR = 1.76). Although not significant, there was consistent evidence that cancer survivors were slightly more likely to be overweight or obese (p = 0.065) and have higher levels of alcohol consumption (p = 0.088). There was no evidence of differences between survivors and controls for levels of physical inactivity, vegetable consumption or fruit consumption. Women with a history of gynecological cancers were much more likely to be current smokers (OR = 2.37), while other differences by sex and cancer site were consistent with overall patterns. Cancer survivors were also significantly more likely to report having a range of co-morbid chronic medical conditions. Given their increased risk of second cancers and co-morbid chronic conditions, the lack of difference in behavioral risk factors confirms the need for a focus on improving the health behaviors of cancer survivors. Collaborative chronic disease management models may be particularly appropriate in this regard.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Cancer
                Title: BMC cancer
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2407
                ISSN (Print): 1471-2407
                Publication date (Electronic): May 19 2017
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] NMAHP Research Unit, University of Stirling, Scion House, Stirling, FK9 4HN, UK. mary.wells@stir.ac.uk.
                [2 ] NMAHP Research Unit, University of Stirling, Scion House, Stirling, FK9 4HN, UK.
                [3 ] School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK.
                [4 ] NHS Tayside, Public Health Directorate, Kings Cross Hospital, Dundee, DD3 8EA, UK.
                [5 ] Insitute of Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
                [6 ] Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
                [7 ] Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
                [8 ] School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Court, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 10.1186/s12885-017-3344-z
                DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3344-z
                PMC ID: 5438552
                PubMed ID: 28526000
                SO-VID: 67607be5-0111-4566-983b-8d01e4026588
                History

                Keywords: Cancer,Family members,Health professionals,Patients,Qualitative research,Smoking cessation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Cancer, Family members, Health professionals, Patients, Qualitative research, Smoking cessation

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