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      Past, Present and Future Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition

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          Abstract

          Reactive nitrogen emissions into the atmosphere are increasing due to human activities, affecting nitrogen deposition to the surface and impacting the productivity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. An atmospheric chemistry-transport model (TM4-ECPL) is here used to calculate the global distribution of total nitrogen deposition, accounting for the first time for both its inorganic and organic fractions in gaseous and particulate phases, and past and projected changes due to anthropogenic activities. The anthropogenic and biomass burning ACCMIP historical and RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios are used. Accounting for organic nitrogen (ON) primary emissions, the present-day global nitrogen atmospheric source is about 60% anthropogenic, while total N deposition increases by about 20% relative to simulations without ON primary emissions. About 20–25% of total deposited N is ON. About 10% of the emitted nitrogen oxides are deposited as ON instead of inorganic nitrogen (IN) as is considered in most global models. Almost a 3-fold increase over land (2-fold over the ocean) has been calculated for soluble N deposition due to human activities from 1850 to present. The investigated projections indicate significant changes in the regional distribution of N deposition and chemical composition, with reduced compounds gaining importance relative to oxidized ones, but very small changes in the global total flux. Sensitivity simulations quantify uncertainties due to the investigated model parameterizations of IN partitioning onto aerosols and of N chemically fixed on organics to be within 10% for the total soluble N deposition and between 25–35% for the dissolved ON deposition. Larger uncertainties are associated with N emissions.

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          Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic.

          The role of iron in enhancing phytoplankton productivity in high nutrient, low chlorophyll oceanic regions was demonstrated first through iron-addition bioassay experiments and subsequently confirmed by large-scale iron fertilization experiments. Iron supply has been hypothesized to limit nitrogen fixation and hence oceanic primary productivity on geological timescales, providing an alternative to phosphorus as the ultimate limiting nutrient. Oceanographic observations have been interpreted both to confirm and refute this hypothesis, but direct experimental evidence is lacking. We conducted experiments to test this hypothesis during the Meteor 55 cruise to the tropical North Atlantic. This region is rich in diazotrophs and strongly impacted by Saharan dust input. Here we show that community primary productivity was nitrogen-limited, and that nitrogen fixation was co-limited by iron and phosphorus. Saharan dust addition stimulated nitrogen fixation, presumably by supplying both iron and phosphorus. Our results support the hypothesis that aeolian mineral dust deposition promotes nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic.
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            Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean.

            Increasing quantities of atmospheric anthropogenic fixed nitrogen entering the open ocean could account for up to about a third of the ocean's external (nonrecycled) nitrogen supply and up to approximately 3% of the annual new marine biological production, approximately 0.3 petagram of carbon per year. This input could account for the production of up to approximately 1.6 teragrams of nitrous oxide (N2O) per year. Although approximately 10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in N2O emissions. The effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition are expected to continue to grow in the future.
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              • Article: not found

              Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101711522
                46843
                J Atmos Sci
                J Atmos Sci
                Journal of the atmospheric sciences
                0022-4928
                1520-0469
                17 July 2020
                25 April 2016
                May 2016
                03 August 2020
                : 73
                : 5
                : 2039-2047
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O.Box 2208, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
                [2 ]School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
                [3 ]Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
                [4 ]Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
                [5 ]NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
                [6 ]Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
                Author notes
                [a]

                Current address: LATMOS, IPSL Paris, France

                [* ]Corresponding author ( mariak@ 123456uoc.gr )
                Article
                PMC7398418 PMC7398418 7398418 nasapa936235
                10.1175/JAS-D-15-0278.1
                7398418
                32747838
                c17cc0c4-f63d-41f1-8630-9dfb6360b4d2
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