Understanding the potential drought impacts on agricultural production is critical
for ensuring global food security. Instead of providing a deterministic estimate,
this study investigates the likelihood of yield loss of wheat, maize, rice and soybeans
in response to droughts of various intensities in the 10 largest producing countries.
We use crop-country specific standardized precipitation index (SPI) and census yield
data for 1961–2016 to build a probabilistic modeling framework for estimating yield
loss risk under a moderate (−1.2 < SPI < −0.8), severe (−1.5 < SPI < −1.3), extreme
(−1.9 < SPI < −1.6) and exceptional (SPI < −2.0) drought. Results show that there
is >80% probability that wheat production will fall below its long-term average when
experiencing an exceptional drought, especially in USA and Canada. As for maize, India
shows the highest risk of yield reduction under droughts, while rice is the crop that
is most vulnerable to droughts in Vietnam and Thailand. Risk of drought-driven soybean
yield loss is the highest in USA, Russian and India. Yield loss risk tends to grow
faster when experiencing a shift in drought severity from moderate to severe than
that from extreme to the exceptional category, demonstrating the non-linear response
of yield to the increase in drought severity. Sensitivity analysis shows that temperature
plays an important role in determining drought impacts, through reducing or amplifying
drought-driven yield loss risk. Compared to present conditions, an ensemble of 11
crop models simulated an increase in yield loss risk by 9%–12%, 5.6%–6.3%, 18.1%–19.4%
and 15.1%–16.1 for wheat, maize, rice and soybeans by the end of 21st century, respectively,
without considering the benefits of CO2 fertilization and adaptations. This study
highlights the non-linear response of yield loss risk to the increase in drought severity.
This implies that adaptations should be more targeted, considering not only the crop
type and region but also the specific drought severity of interest.