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      Call for Papers: Green Renal Replacement Therapy: Caring for the Environment

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      Divergent regulation of circulating and intrarenal renin-angiotensin systems in response to long-term blockade.

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          Abstract

          Long-term treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin (Ang) II type I (AT(1)) receptor blockers can improve kidney function and attenuate the progressive decline in kidney function associated with age. In this study in Wistar rats medicated for 22 months, we determined the effects of enalapril (10 mg/kg/day) and losartan (30 mg/kg/day) treatment, in comparison with vehicle (tap water), on renal AngII receptor density and circulating and urinary components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).

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          The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the kidney: effects on kidney disease.

          The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system regulates renal vasomotor activity, maintains optimal salt and water homeostasis, and controls tissue growth in the kidney. However, pathologic consequences can result from overactivity of this cascade, involving it in the pathophysiology of kidney disease. An activated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system promotes both systemic and glomerular capillary hypertension, which can induce hemodynamic injury to the vascular endothelium and glomerulus. In addition, direct profibrotic and proinflammatory actions of angiotensin II and aldosterone may also promote kidney damage. The majority of the untoward effects associated with angiotensin II appear to be mediated through its binding to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Aldosterone can also induce renal injury by binding to its receptor in the kidney. An understanding of this system is important to appreciate that inhibitors of this cascade can reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease in proteinuric disease states. Pharmacologic agents that can interfere with this cascade include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists. This paper will provide an overview of the renin-angiotensin system, review its role in kidney disease, examine the renal effects of inhibition of this cascade in experimental animal models, and review clinical studies utilizing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors in patients with diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathies.
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            Regulation of intrarenal angiotensin II in hypertension.

            Intrarenal angiotensin II (Ang II) is regulated by several complex processes involving formation from both systemically delivered and intrarenally formed substrate, as well as receptor-mediated internalization. There is substantial compartmentalization of intrarenal Ang II, with levels in the renal interstitial fluid and in proximal tubule fluid being much greater than can be explained from the circulating levels. In Ang II--dependent hypertension, elevated intrarenal Ang II levels occur even when intrarenal renin expression and content are suppressed. Studies in Ang II--infused rats have demonstrated that augmentation of intrarenal Ang II is due, in part, to uptake of circulating Ang II via an Ang II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor mechanism and also to sustained endogenous production of Ang II. Some of the internalized Ang II accumulates in the light and heavy endosomes and is therefore potentially available for intracellular actions. The enhanced intrarenal Ang II also exerts a positive feedback action to augment intrarenal levels of angiotensinogen (AGT) mRNA and protein, which contribute further to the increased intrarenal Ang II in hypertensive states. In addition, renal AT(1) receptor protein and mRNA levels are maintained, allowing increased Ang II levels to elicit progressive effects. The increased intrarenal Ang II activity and AGT production are associated with increased urinary AGT excretion rates. The urinary AGT excretion rates show a clear relationship to kidney Ang II content, suggesting that urinary AGT may serve as an index of Ang II--dependent hypertension. Collectively, the data support a powerful role for intrarenal Ang II in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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              Control of glomerular hypertension limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass.

              Micropuncture and morphologic studies were performed in four groups of male Munich-Wistar rats after removal of the right kidney and segmental infarction of two-thirds of the left kidney. Groups 1 and 3 received no specific therapy. Groups 2 and 4 were treated with the angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, 50 mg/liter of which was put in their drinking water. All rats were fed standard chow. Groups 1 and 2 underwent micropuncture study 4 wk after renal ablation. Untreated group 1 rats exhibited systemic hypertension and elevation of the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) due to high average values for the mean glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference and glomerular plasma flow rate. In group 2 rats, treatment with enalapril prevented systemic hypertension and maintained the mean glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure gradient at near-normal levels without significantly compromising SNGFR and the glomerular capillary plasma flow rate, as compared with untreated group 1 rats. Groups 3 and 4 were studied 8 wk after renal ablation. Untreated group 3 rats demonstrated persistent systemic hypertension, progressive proteinuria, and glomerular structural lesions, including mesangial expansion and segmental sclerosis. In group 4 rats, treatment with enalapril maintained systemic blood pressure at normal levels over the 8-wk period and significantly limited the development of proteinuria and glomerular lesions. These studies suggest that control of glomerular hypertension effectively limits glomerular injury in rats with renal ablation, and further support the view that glomerular hemodynamic changes mediate progressive renal injury when nephron number is reduced.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Am. J. Nephrol.
                American journal of nephrology
                S. Karger AG
                0250-8095
                0250-8095
                June 25 2005
                : 25
                : 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center and Physiology/Pharmacology Department, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
                Article
                86571
                10.1159/000086571
                15976496
                2857be13-d7ab-4376-93d9-12d0b4051da0
                History

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