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      Common risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases among older adults in China, Ghana, Mexico, India, Russia and South Africa: the study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) wave 1.

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          Abstract

          Behavioral risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and the harmful use of alcohol are known and modifiable contributors to a number of NCDs and health mediators. The purpose of this paper is to describe the distribution of main risk factors for NCDs by socioeconomic status (SES) among adults aged 50 years and older within a country and compare these risk factors across six lower- and upper-middle income countries.

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          Most cited references41

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          A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

          The Lancet, 380(9859), 2224-2260
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            Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic

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              Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study.

              Instruments to assess physical activity are needed for (inter)national surveillance systems and comparison. Male and female adults were recruited from diverse sociocultural, educational and economic backgrounds in 9 countries (total n = 2657). GPAQ and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were administered on at least 2 occasions. Eight countries assessed criterion validity using an objective measure (pedometer or accelerometer) over 7 days. Reliability coefficients were of moderate to substantial strength (Kappa 0.67 to 0.73; Spearman's rho 0.67 to 0.81). Results on concurrent validity between IPAQ and GPAQ also showed a moderate to strong positive relationship (range 0.45 to 0.65). Results on criterion validity were in the poor-fair (range 0.06 to 0.35). There were some observed differences between sex, education, BMI and urban/rural and between countries. Overall GPAQ provides reproducible data and showed a moderate-strong positive correlation with IPAQ, a previously validated and accepted measure of physical activity. Validation of GPAQ produced poor results although the magnitude was similar to the range reported in other studies. Overall, these results indicate that GPAQ is a suitable and acceptable instrument for monitoring physical activity in population health surveillance systems, although further replication of this work in other countries is warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                BMC Public Health
                BMC public health
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1471-2458
                1471-2458
                Feb 06 2015
                : 15
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control (Shanghai CDC), 1380 Zhongshan Rd (W), Shanghai, 200336, P.R. China. wufan@scdc.sh.cn.
                [2 ] Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control (Shanghai CDC), 1380 Zhongshan Rd (W), Shanghai, 200336, P.R. China. guoyanfei@scdc.sh.cn.
                [3 ] World Health Organization, HIS/HSI/MCS, Geneva, Switzerland. chatterjis@who.int.
                [4 ] Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control (Shanghai CDC), 1380 Zhongshan Rd (W), Shanghai, 200336, P.R. China. zhengyang@scdc.sh.cn.
                [5 ] World Health Organization, HIS/HSI/MCS, Geneva, Switzerland. naidoon@who.int.
                [6 ] National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention (NCNCD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, P.R. China. jy78@vip.sina.com.
                [7 ] Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana. biritwum@africaonline.com.gh.
                [8 ] Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana. aeyawson@yahoo.com.
                [9 ] Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana. nadia.minicuci@unipd.it.
                [10 ] National Research Council, Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy. nadia.minicuci@unipd.it.
                [11 ] National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. asalinas@insp.mx.
                [12 ] National Institute of Public Health, Mexico City, Mexico. bmanrique@insp.mx.
                [13 ] Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation. tmaximova@mail.ru.
                [14 ] University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa. karl.pel@mahidol.ac.th.
                [15 ] Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand. karl.pel@mahidol.ac.th.
                [16 ] Human Sciences Research Council, Port Elizabeth/Pretoria, South Africa. karl.pel@mahidol.ac.th.
                [17 ] Human Sciences Research Council, Port Elizabeth/Pretoria, South Africa. NPhaswanamafuya@hsrc.ac.za.
                [18 ] Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor: Research and Engagement, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. NPhaswanamafuya@hsrc.ac.za.
                [19 ] Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA. jjosh@uoregon.edu.
                [20 ] , Atlanta, GA, USA. lizthiele747@gmail.com.
                [21 ] Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Nawi.Ng@epiph.umu.se.
                [22 ] World Health Organization, HIS/HSI/MCS, Geneva, Switzerland. paul.r.kowal@gmail.com.
                [23 ] University of Newcastle Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia. paul.r.kowal@gmail.com.
                Article
                10.1186/s12889-015-1407-0
                10.1186/s12889-015-1407-0
                4335695
                25885218
                6ec46bc2-1ab2-4089-8621-b833589b7569
                History

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