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      A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone.

      Author(s):
      Publication date:
      Journal: Cancer Cell
      Keywords: Animals, Bone Neoplasms, genetics, secondary, Breast Neoplasms, pathology, Chromatin, metabolism, Connective Tissue Growth Factor, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, Immediate-Early Proteins, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Interleukin-11, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Mitogens, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Proteins, analysis, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Osteolysis, Precipitin Tests, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Tumor Cells, Cultured

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          Abstract

          We investigated the molecular basis for osteolytic bone metastasis by selecting human breast cancer cell line subpopulations with elevated metastatic activity and functionally validating genes that are overexpressed in these cells. These genes act cooperatively to cause osteolytic metastasis, and most of them encode secreted and cell surface proteins. Two of these genes, interleukin-11 and CTGF, encode osteolytic and angiogenic factors whose expression is further increased by the prometastatic cytokine TGF beta. Overexpression of this bone metastasis gene set is superimposed on a poor-prognosis gene expression signature already present in the parental breast cancer population, suggesting that metastasis requires a set of functions beyond those underlying the emergence of the primary tumor.

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          Most cited references25

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          TGF-beta signal transduction.

          J Massagué (1998)
          The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family of growth factors control the development and homeostasis of most tissues in metazoan organisms. Work over the past few years has led to the elucidation of a TGF-beta signal transduction network. This network involves receptor serine/threonine kinases at the cell surface and their substrates, the SMAD proteins, which move into the nucleus, where they activate target gene transcription in association with DNA-binding partners. Distinct repertoires of receptors, SMAD proteins, and DNA-binding partners seemingly underlie, in a cell-specific manner, the multifunctional nature of TGF-beta and related factors. Mutations in these pathways are the cause of various forms of human cancer and developmental disorders.
          Article 0 comments Cited 681 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A mechanism of repression of TGFbeta/ Smad signaling by oncogenic Ras.

            M. Kretzschmar, J. Doody, I Timokhina … (1999)
            TGFbeta can override the proliferative effects of EGF and other Ras-activating mitogens in normal epithelial cells. However, epithelial cells harboring oncogenic Ras mutations often show a loss of TGFbeta antimitogenic responses. Here we report that oncogenic Ras inhibits TGFbeta signaling in mammary and lung epithelial cells by negatively regulating the TGFbeta mediators Smad2 and Smad3. Oncogenically activated Ras inhibits the TGFbeta-induced nuclear accumulation of Smad2 and Smad3 and Smad-dependent transcription. Ras acting via Erk MAP kinases causes phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 at specific sites in the region linking the DNA-binding domain and the transcriptional activation domain. These sites are separate from the TGFbeta receptor phosphorylation sites that activate Smad nuclear translocation. Mutation of these MAP kinase sites in Smad3 yields a Ras-resistant form that can rescue the growth inhibitory response to TGFbeta in Ras-transformed cells. EGF, which is weaker than oncogenic mutations at activating Ras, induces a less extensive phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of Smad2 and Smad3. Our results suggest a mechanism for the counterbalanced regulation of Smad2/Smad3 by TGFbeta and Ras signals in normal cells, and for the silencing of antimitogenic TGFbeta functions by hyperactive Ras in cancer cells.
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              The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis.

              G Poste, ISAIAH FIDLER (1980)
              Metastases do not result from random survival of cells released from the primary tumour but from the selective growth of specialised subpopulations of highly metastatic cells endowed with specific properties that befit them to complete each step of the metastatic process.
              Article 0 comments Cited 146 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                PubMed ID:: 12842083

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry
                Keywords: Animals,Bone Neoplasms,genetics,secondary,Breast Neoplasms,pathology,Chromatin,metabolism,Connective Tissue Growth Factor,Female,Gene Expression Profiling,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic,Humans,Immediate-Early Proteins,Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins,Interleukin-11,Mice,Mice, Inbred BALB C,Mice, Nude,Mitogens,Neoplasm Invasiveness,Neoplasm Proteins,analysis,Nucleic Acid Hybridization,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis,Osteolysis,Precipitin Tests,Transforming Growth Factor beta,Tumor Cells, Cultured
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry
                Keywords: Animals, Bone Neoplasms, genetics, secondary, Breast Neoplasms, pathology, Chromatin, metabolism, Connective Tissue Growth Factor, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, Immediate-Early Proteins, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Interleukin-11, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Mitogens, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Proteins, analysis, Nucleic Acid Hybridization, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Osteolysis, Precipitin Tests, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Tumor Cells, Cultured

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