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      Procesos cognitivos y toma de decisiones en tripulaciones de carro de combate Leopardo 2E Translated title: Cognitive processes and decision making in Leopard 2E tank crews

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La toma de decisiones en situaciones extremas es un proceso ejecutivo superior que implica muchos factores como el control de impulsos, la valoración de riesgo o la flexibilidad cognitiva, entre otros, para trasladar la atención a diferentes aspectos de un estímulo. La mayoría de los estudios de toma de decisiones en situaciones extremas se basan en observar cómo los expertos realizan diversas tareas en un entorno natural en tiempo real. En situaciones de combate las tripulaciones de unidades acorazadas realizan la toma de decisiones bajo condiciones complejas y elevados niveles de estrés. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar las variables que componen estos procesos ejecutivos superiores para obtener una descripción clara del perfil experto requerido para los puestos de tripulación de carro de combate y así poder diseñar posteriormente programas de entrenamiento que mejoren estas capacidades. Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio con un grupo de tripulantes (n=23) y un grupo control (n=26). Cada uno de ellos realizó tres tareas neurocognitivas de ordenador que evaluaban impulsividad, flexibilidad y valoración de riesgo (Go/NoGo, Iowa test y Switch task). Resultados: se muestran diferencias significativas en la medida de errores de omisión, siendo el grupo de tripulantes el que cometió más errores en estos ensayos (t=5.795; p<0.020). En el resto de medidas no se encontraron diferencias entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: Según estos resultados los tripulantes de Leopardo 2E presentan más errores de omisión, lo que parece estar relacionado con un mayor control inhibitorio de sus respuestas de ataque.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY Decision making in extreme situations is a superior executive process involving many factors, impulse control, risk assessment and cognitive flexibility to shift attention to different aspects of a stimulus. Most studies of decision making in extreme situations are based on observing how experts perform various tasks in a natural environment in real time. In combat situations, crews from armored units carry out decision-making under complex conditions and high levels of stress. The objective of this work is to evaluate the variables that make up these superior executive processes to obtain a clear description of the expert profile required for combat tank crew positions and thus, to design training programs that improve these capabilities. Method: a study was carried out with a group of crews (n=23) and a control group (n=26). Each of them performed three neurocognitive computer tasks that assessed impulsivity, flexibility and risk assessment (Go/noGo, Iowa test and Switch task). Results: significant differences are shown in the measurement of omission errors in these trials (t=5.795; p<0.020). In the rest of measures, no differences were found between the two groups. Conclusions: according to these results, the Leopard 2E crew show more errors of omission, which seems to be related to a greater inhibitory control of their attack responses.

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          Most cited references18

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          The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

          This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions-mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")-and their roles in complex "frontal lobe" or "executive" tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of Hanoi (TOH), random number generation (RNG), operation span, and dual tasking. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another, but are clearly separable. Moreover, structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions contribute differentially to performance on complex executive tasks. Specifically, WCST performance was related most strongly to Shifting, TOH to Inhibition, RNG to Inhibition and Updating, and operation span to Updating. Dual task performance was not related to any of the three target functions. These results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of executive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to studying the organization and roles of executive functions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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            Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex

            Following damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, humans develop a defect in real-life decision-making, which contrasts with otherwise normal intellectual functions. Currently, there is no neuropsychological probe to detect in the laboratory, and the cognitive and neural mechanisms responsible for this defect have resisted explanation. Here, using a novel task which simulates real-life decision-making in the way it factors uncertainty of premises and outcomes, as well as reward and punishment, we find that prefrontal patients, unlike controls, are oblivious to the future consequences of their actions, and seem to be guided by immediate prospects only. This finding offers, for the first time, the possibility of detecting these patients' elusive impairment in the laboratory, measuring it, and investigating its possible causes.
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              A Developmental Functional MRI Study of Prefrontal Activation during Performance of a Go-No-Go Task.

              This study examines important developmental differences in patterns of activation in the prefrontal cortex during performance of a Go-No-Go paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eighteen subjects (9 children and 9 adults) were scanned using gradient echo, echo planar imaging during performance of a response inhibition task. The results suggest four general findings. First, the location of activation in the prefrontal cortex was not different between children and adults, which is similar to our earlier pediatric fMRI results of prefrontal activation during a working memory task (Casey et al., 1995). Second, the volume of activation was significantly greater for children relative to adults. These differences in volume of activation were observed predominantly in the dorsal and lateral prefrontal cortices. Third, although inhibitory processes have typically been associated with more ventral or orbital frontal regions, the current study revealed activation that was distributed across both dorsolateral and orbitofrontal cortices. Finally, consistent with animal and human lesion studies, activity in orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices correlated with behavioral performance (i.e., number of false alarms). These results further demonstrate the utility of this methodology in studying pediatric populations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                March 2022
                : 78
                : 1
                : 15-21
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameInstituto de Medicina Preventiva de la Defensa orgdiv1Servicio de Protección y Promoción de la Salud
                Article
                S1887-85712022000100015 S1887-8571(22)07800100015
                10.4321/s1887-85712022000100003
                001e655d-2a7b-407e-b5ca-d28c39f85360

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 16 June 2021
                : 10 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo Original

                tank crews,decision making,impulsivity,flexibilidad,flexibility,tripulaciones carros de combate,toma de decisiones,impulsividad

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