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      Discovery of an Ebolavirus-Like Filovirus in Europe

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          Abstract

          Filoviruses, amongst the most lethal of primate pathogens, have only been reported as natural infections in sub-Saharan Africa and the Philippines. Infections of bats with the ebolaviruses and marburgviruses do not appear to be associated with disease. Here we report identification in dead insectivorous bats of a genetically distinct filovirus, provisionally named Lloviu virus, after the site of detection, Cueva del Lloviu, in Spain.

          Author Summary

          A novel filovirus, provisionally named Lloviu virus (LLOV), was detected during the investigation of Miniopterus schreibersii die-offs in Cueva del Lloviu in southern Europe. LLOV is genetically distinct from other marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in Europe that was not imported from an endemic area in Africa. Filoviruses, amongst the most lethal of primate pathogens, have only been reported as natural infections in sub-Saharan Africa and the Philippines. Infections of bats with the ebolaviruses and marburgviruses do not appear to be associated with disease. Here we report identification of genetically distinct filovirus in dead insectivorous bats in caves in Spain.

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          Marburg Virus Infection Detected in a Common African Bat

          Jonathan S. Towner, Xavier Pourrut, César G. Albariño … (2007)
          Marburg and Ebola viruses can cause large hemorrhagic fever (HF) outbreaks with high case fatality (80–90%) in human and great apes. Identification of the natural reservoir of these viruses is one of the most important topics in this field and a fundamental key to understanding their natural history. Despite the discovery of this virus family almost 40 years ago, the search for the natural reservoir of these lethal pathogens remains an enigma despite numerous ecological studies. Here, we report the discovery of Marburg virus in a common species of fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Gabon as shown by finding virus-specific RNA and IgG antibody in individual bats. These Marburg virus positive bats represent the first naturally infected non-primate animals identified. Furthermore, this is the first report of Marburg virus being present in this area of Africa, thus extending the known range of the virus. These data imply that more areas are at risk for MHF outbreaks than previously realized and correspond well with a recently published report in which three species of fruit bats were demonstrated to be likely reservoirs for Ebola virus.
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            Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations.

            Jens Kuhn, Stephan Becker, Hideki Ebihara … (2010)
            The taxonomy of the family Filoviridae (marburgviruses and ebolaviruses) has changed several times since the discovery of its members, resulting in a plethora of species and virus names and abbreviations. The current taxonomy has only been partially accepted by most laboratory virologists. Confusion likely arose for several reasons: species names that consist of several words or which (should) contain diacritical marks, the current orthographic identity of species and virus names, and the similar pronunciation of several virus abbreviations in the absence of guidance for the correct use of vernacular names. To rectify this problem, we suggest (1) to retain the current species names Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, and Zaire ebolavirus, but to replace the name Cote d'Ivoire ebolavirus [sic] with Taï Forest ebolavirus and Lake Victoria marburgvirus with Marburg marburgvirus; (2) to revert the virus names of the type marburgviruses and ebolaviruses to those used for decades in the field (Marburg virus instead of Lake Victoria marburgvirus and Ebola virus instead of Zaire ebolavirus); (3) to introduce names for the remaining viruses reminiscent of jargon used by laboratory virologists but nevertheless different from species names (Reston virus, Sudan virus, Taï Forest virus), and (4) to introduce distinct abbreviations for the individual viruses (RESTV for Reston virus, SUDV for Sudan virus, and TAFV for Taï Forest virus), while retaining that for Marburg virus (MARV) and reintroducing that used over decades for Ebola virus (EBOV). Paying tribute to developments in the field, we propose (a) to create a new ebolavirus species (Bundibugyo ebolavirus) for one member virus (Bundibugyo virus, BDBV); (b) to assign a second virus to the species Marburg marburgvirus (Ravn virus, RAVV) for better reflection of now available high-resolution phylogeny; and (c) to create a new tentative genus (Cuevavirus) with one tentative species (Lloviu cuevavirus) for the recently discovered Lloviu virus (LLOV). Furthermore, we explain the etymological derivation of individual names, their pronunciation, and their correct use, and we elaborate on demarcation criteria for each taxon and virus.
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              Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus.

              Roger W. Barrette, Samia A Metwally, Jessica M Rowland … (2009)
              Since the discovery of the Marburg and Ebola species of filovirus, seemingly random, sporadic fatal outbreaks of disease in humans and nonhuman primates have given impetus to identification of host tropisms and potential reservoirs. Domestic swine in the Philippines, experiencing unusually severe outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome, have now been discovered to host Reston ebolavirus (REBOV). Although REBOV is the only member of Filoviridae that has not been associated with disease in humans, its emergence in the human food chain is of concern. REBOV isolates were found to be more divergent from each other than from the original virus isolated in 1989, indicating polyphyletic origins and that REBOV has been circulating since, and possibly before, the initial discovery of REBOV in monkeys.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Pathog
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plospath
                Title: PLoS Pathogens
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Print): 1553-7366
                ISSN (Electronic): 1553-7374
                Publication date Collection: October 2011
                Publication date (Print): October 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2011
                Publication date (Corrected, electronic): 24 October 2011
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1002304
                Affiliations
                [1 ]National Center of Microbiology, (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
                [2 ]Center for Infection and Immunity, and WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnostics, Surveillance and Immunotherapeutics for Emerging Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
                [3 ]Grupo Asturiano para el Estudio y Conservacion de los Murciélagos, Posada de Llanera, Principado de Asturias, Spain
                [4 ]Evolutionary Genomics Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
                [5 ]Evolutionary Biology Unit, Estación Biológica Doñana (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
                [6 ]Service of Pathology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
                [7 ]Roche Life Sciences, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
                Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: AN GP FG NS MP JEE WIL AT. Performed the experiments: AN GP SVM FG HD MP FM JJ JQ NS MDLCM JEH MP SH. Analyzed the data: AN GP NS HD JJ JQ MP WIL AT. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SH JEH FG AN JEE JQ. Wrote the paper: AN GP WIL AT.

                ¶ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PPATHOGENS-D-11-01432
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002304
                PMC ID: 3197594
                PubMed ID: 22039362
                SO-VID: 0040e0d4-1001-4772-af17-f29495f6cfd5
                Copyright © Negredo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 15 June 2011
                Date accepted : 23 August 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Virology
                Subject: Emerging Viral Diseases
                Subject: Viral Classification
                Subject: Viral Evolution
                Subject: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Host-Pathogen Interaction
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Viral Diseases
                Subject: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
                Subject: Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

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