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      Hematoma retroperitoneal espontáneo en pacientes con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 Translated title: Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

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          Abstract

          Resumen Recientemente se han publicado varios casos de hematomas retroperitoneales espontáneos (HRE) en el contexto de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el objetivo de profundizar en esta infrecuente asociación. Se identificaron 32 casos de HRE, el 28,1 % con enfermedad COVID-19 crítica. El 68,7 % recibió anticoagulación con HBPM y el 15,6 % con heparina sódica. La mediana de días hasta el diagnóstico fue de 10,5 (rango de 0-38). En el 31,2 % de los casos se optó por manejo conservador, mientras que otro 31,2 % requirió angioembolización. Se comunicaron 10 exitus (31,2 %), 6 probablemente relacionados con el HRE. Existen hipótesis acerca de la relación entre la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y los fenómenos hemorrágicos. Se han descrito dos mecanismos que explicarían la coagulopatía: la unión al receptor ACE2 y la acción directa del virus sobre el endotelio vascular. Por otra parte, la disfunción plaquetaria, la trombocitopenia inmune y la respuesta al SIRS, así como los microtraumas secundarios al esfuerzo tusígeno, la ventilación mecánica invasiva o los cambios posturales, sugieren un origen multicausal del HRE. La literatura sobre esta asociación es escasa. Dado el exceso de morbimortalidad que supone, se considera necesario profundizar en su investigación.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Recently, cases of spontaneous retroperitoneal haematomas (SRH) in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been published. This study presents a systematic review with the aim of further investigating this rare association. Thirty-two cases were identified, with a 28,1 % of critical patients. A total of 68,7 % received anticoagulation with LMWH, and a 15,6 % with UFH. The median number of days to diagnosis was 10,5 (0-38). Conservative management was chosen in 31,2 %, while another 31,2 % required angio-embolisation. Ten exitus (31,2 %) were reported, 6 related to SRH. There are hypotheses on the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and haemorrhagic phenomena. Two mechanisms have been described that would explain coagulopathy: the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor and its direct action on the vascular endothelium. Furthermore, the platelet dysfunction, immune thrombocytopenia and SIRS, added to the endothelial disruption in retroperitoneal vessels, as well as microtrauma secondary to cough stress, invasive mechanical ventilation and/or postural changes, suggest a multicausal origin of SRH. The literature concerning this association is scarce. Given the excess morbidity and mortality involved, it is considered necessary to investigate it further.

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          Most cited references26

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          Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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            Thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a multicentre observational study

            Background Optimal prophylactic and therapeutic management of thromboembolic disease in patients with COVID-19 remains a major challenge for clinicians. The aim of this study was to define the incidence of thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications in critically ill patients with COVID-19. In addition, we sought to characterise coagulation profiles using thromboelastography and explore possible biological differences between patients with and without thrombotic complications. Methods We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study evaluating all the COVID-19 patients received in four intensive care units (ICUs) of four tertiary hospitals in the UK between March 15, 2020, and May 05, 2020. Clinical characteristics, laboratory data, thromboelastography profiles and clinical outcome data were evaluated between patients with and without thrombotic complications. Results A total of 187 patients were included. Their median (interquartile (IQR)) age was 57 (49–64) years and 124 (66.3%) patients were male. Eighty-one (43.3%) patients experienced one or more clinically relevant thrombotic complications, which were mainly pulmonary emboli (n = 42 (22.5%)). Arterial embolic complications were reported in 25 (13.3%) patients. ICU length of stay was longer in patients with thrombotic complications when compared with those without. Fifteen (8.0%) patients experienced haemorrhagic complications, of which nine (4.8%) were classified as major bleeding. Thromboelastography demonstrated a hypercoagulable profile in patients tested but lacked discriminatory value between those with and without thrombotic complications. Patients who experienced thrombotic complications had higher D-dimer, ferritin, troponin and white cell count levels at ICU admission compared with those that did not. Conclusion Critically ill patients with COVID-19 experience high rates of venous and arterial thrombotic complications. The rates of bleeding may be higher than previously reported and re-iterate the need for randomised trials to better understand the risk-benefit ratio of different anticoagulation strategies. Graphical abstract
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              Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma: etiology, characteristics, management, and outcome.

              Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma (SRH) can be fatal, requiring immediate recognition and intervention. Current literature is limited, providing little direction in patient care. To describe clinical characteristics of patients with SRH during an 8-year period. Observational cohort study of all consecutive patients 18 years and older with SRH from January 2000 to December 2007. SRH was defined as unrelated to invasive procedures, surgery, trauma, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Of 346 patients screened, 89 were eligible. Median age was 72 years; 56.2% were male. Overall, 66.3% were anticoagulated: 41.6% on warfarin, 30.3% heparin, and 11.2% low-molecular-weight heparin; 30.3% were on antiplatelet therapy; 16.5% were taking both anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications; 15.3% were taking neither. Primary presentation to the Emergency Department was seen in 36%; 64% developed SRH during inpatient anticoagulation therapy. The most common symptom was pain: abdominal (67.5%), leg (23.8%), hip (22.5%), and back (21.3%); 10.1% were misdiagnosed upon their initial encounter. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 98.8%, ultrasound in 22.1%, and magnetic resonance imaging in 3.5%. Of all subjects, 40.4% were managed in an intensive care unit; 24.7% underwent interventional radiology (IR) procedures and 6.7% surgical evacuation; 75.3% received blood transfusion. Mortality was 5.6% within 7 days, 10.1% within 30 days, and 19.1% within 6 months. SRH is uncommon but potentially lethal, with a non-specific presentation that can lead to misdiagnosis. One-third of the cohort was not taking anticoagulants. CT was effective at identification. Most patients received aggressive management with transfusion or IR procedures. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                April 2023
                : 75
                : 2
                : 85-96
                Affiliations
                [2] Bizkaia orgnameHospital Universitario de Cruces orgdiv1Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliar, del Retroperitoneo y Trasplante Hepático España
                [3] Bizkaia orgnameHospital Universitario de Galdakao orgdiv1Servicio de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular España
                [4] Bizkaia orgnameHospital Universitario de Cruces orgdiv1Unidad de Cirugía Esofagogástrica, Bariátrica y de Pared Abdominal Compleja España
                [1] Bizkaia orgnameInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria BioCruces orgdiv1Hospital Universitario de Cruces orgdiv2Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo España
                Article
                S0003-31702023000200085 S0003-3170(23)07500200085
                10.20960/angiologia.00429
                0050b0b9-54c1-469c-8aa2-63f75dae9064

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 May 2022
                : 09 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 12
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
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                SARS-CoV-2,Hematoma retroperitoneal,COVID,Angioembolización,Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma,Angio-embolisation

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