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      The GRB221009A gamma-ray burst as revealed by the gamma-ray spectrometer onboard the KPLO (Danuri)

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          Abstract

          The strongest gamma-ray burst (GRB) of the century, GRB20221009A, has been detected by the Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter Gamma-ray Spectrometer (KGRS) instrument onboard the Korean Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO). KGRS uses a LaBr 3 detector to measure GRB counts with five energy bins in the energy range from 30 keV to 12 MeV. KGRS detected GRB221009A at a distance of 1.508 million kilometers from the Earth. The full duration of the main burst was recorded between 13:20 and 13:26 on October 9, 2022 with peak counts of over 1000 times background. The dead time of KGRS reached as high as 50%, and the intrinsic gamma-ray spectrum of LaBr 3 was significantly altered.

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          Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin

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            The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX)

            Aims. The Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on Solar Orbiter is a hard X-ray imaging spectrometer, which covers the energy range from 4 to 150 keV. STIX observes hard X-ray bremsstrahlung emissions from solar flares and therefore provides diagnostics of the hottest (⪆10 MK) flare plasma while quantifying the location, spectrum, and energy content of flare-accelerated nonthermal electrons. Methods. To accomplish this, STIX applies an indirect bigrid Fourier imaging technique using a set of tungsten grids (at pitches from 0.038 to 1 mm) in front of 32 coarsely pixelated CdTe detectors to provide information on angular scales from 7 to 180 arcsec with 1 keV energy resolution (at 6 keV). The imaging concept of STIX has intrinsically low telemetry and it is therefore well-suited to the limited resources available to the Solar Orbiter payload. To further reduce the downlinked data volume, STIX data are binned on board into 32 selectable energy bins and dynamically-adjusted time bins with a typical duration of 1 s during flares. Results. Through hard X-ray diagnostics, STIX provides critical information for understanding the acceleration of electrons at the Sun and their transport into interplanetary space and for determining the magnetic connection of Solar Orbiter back to the Sun. In this way, STIX serves to link Solar Orbiter’s remote and in-situ measurements.
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              GRB 221009A: The BOAT

              GRB 221009A has been referred to as the brightest of all time (BOAT). We investigate the veracity of this statement by comparing it with a half century of prompt gamma-ray burst observations. This burst is the brightest ever detected by the measures of peak flux and fluence. Unexpectedly, GRB 221009A has the highest isotropic-equivalent total energy ever identified, while the peak luminosity is at the ∼99th percentile of the known distribution. We explore how such a burst can be powered and discuss potential implications for ultralong and high-redshift gamma-ray bursts. By geometric extrapolation of the total fluence and peak flux distributions, GRB 221009A appears to be a once-in-10,000-year event. Thus, it is almost certainly not the BOAT over all of cosmic history;  it may be the brightest gamma-ray burst since human civilization began.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kjkim@kigam.re.kr
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                17 August 2024
                17 August 2024
                2024
                : 14
                : 19062
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Geology and Space Division, Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, ( https://ror.org/044k0pw44) Daejeon, 34132 South Korea
                [2 ]University of Science and Technology, ( https://ror.org/000qzf213) Daejeon, Republic of Korea
                [3 ]Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, ( https://ror.org/05t99sp05) Los Angles, CA 900095 USA
                [4 ]Princeton University, ( https://ror.org/00hx57361) Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
                [5 ]Nucare(Inc), Osong, Republic of Korea
                [6 ]Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, ( https://ror.org/01az7b475) Daejeon, Republic of Korea
                [7 ]Planetary Science Institute, ( https://ror.org/05vvg9554) Tucson, AZ 85719 USA
                [8 ]Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, ( https://ror.org/010pmpe69) Universitetskij Pr. 13, Moscow, Russia 119234
                [9 ]Image Analysis Group, TU Dortmund University, ( https://ror.org/01k97gp34) Otto-Hahn Str. 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
                Article
                69928
                10.1038/s41598-024-69928-w
                11330483
                39154110
                005115ed-6cdc-48f3-96e8-87a1ba08b883
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

                History
                : 16 April 2024
                : 11 August 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100014188, Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea;
                Award ID: 2016M1A3A9913307 and KIGAM, 23-3216
                Award Recipient :
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                © Springer Nature Limited 2024

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                astronomy and planetary science,physics
                Uncategorized
                astronomy and planetary science, physics

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