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      Current concepts and future of noninvasive procedures for diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma - a systematic review

      research-article
      Head & Face Medicine
      BioMed Central
      Oral cancer, Noninvasive methods, Optical biopsy, Saliva-based diagnosis

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          Abstract

          Background

          Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a remarkably high incidence worldwide, and a fairly serious prognosis, encouraging further research into advanced technologies for noninvasive methods of making early diagnoses, ideally in primary care settings.

          Objectives

          Our purpose was to examine the validity of using advanced noninvasive technologies in diagnosis of OSCC by identifying and evaluating relevant published reports.

          Data source

          MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched to identify clinical trials and other information published between 1990 and 10 June 2014; the searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE were updated to November 2014. Study selection: Studies of noninvasive methods of diagnosing OSCC, including oral brush biopsy, optical biopsy, saliva-based oral cancer diagnosis, and others were included.

          Data extraction

          Data were abstracted and evaluated in duplicate for possible relevance on two occasions at an interval of 2 months before being included or excluded.

          Data synthesis

          This study identified 163 studies of noninvasive methods for diagnosing OSCC that met the inclusion criteria. These included six studies of oral brush biopsy, 42 of saliva-based oral diagnosis, and 115 of optical biopsy. Sixty nine of these studies were assessed by the modified version of the QUADAS instrument. Saliva-based oral cancer diagnosis and optical biopsy were found to be promising noninvasive methods for diagnosing OSCC.

          Limitation

          The strength of evidence was rated low for accuracy outcomes because the studies did not report important details required to assess the risk for bias.

          Conclusions

          It is clear that screening for and early detection of cancer and pre-cancerous lesions have the potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. Advances in technologies for saliva-based oral diagnosis and optical biopsy are promising pathways for the future development of more effective noninvasive methods for diagnosing OSCC that are easy to perform clinically in primary care settings.

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          Most cited references183

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          Membrane-derived microvesicles: important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication.

          Normal and malignant cells shed from their surface membranes as well as secrete from the endosomal membrane compartment circular membrane fragments called microvesicles (MV). MV that are released from viable cells are usually smaller in size compared to the apoptotic bodies derived from damaged cells and unlike them do not contain fragmented DNA. Growing experimental evidence indicates that MV are an underappreciated component of the cell environment and play an important pleiotropic role in many biological processes. Generally, MV are enriched in various bioactive molecules and may (i) directly stimulate cells as a kind of 'signaling complex', (ii) transfer membrane receptors, proteins, mRNA and organelles (e.g., mitochondria) between cells and finally (iii) deliver infectious agents into cells (e.g., human immuno deficiency virus, prions). In this review, we discuss the pleiotropic effects of MV that are important for communication between cells, as well as the role of MV in carcinogenesis, coagulation, immune responses and modulation of susceptibility/infectability of cells to retroviruses or prions.
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            Proteomic profiling of exosomes: current perspectives.

            Exosomes are 40-100 nm membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are also found in vivo in body fluids such as blood, urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascites, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, and breast milk. While the biological function of exosomes is still unclear, they can mediate communication between cells, facilitating processes such as antigen presentation and in trans signaling to neighboring cells. Exosome-like vesicles identified in Drosophila (referred to as argosomes) may be potential vehicles for the spread of morphogens in epithelia. The advent of current MS-based proteomic technologies has contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular composition of exosomes. In addition to a common set of membrane and cytosolic proteins, it is becoming increasingly apparent that exosomes harbor distinct subsets of proteins that may be linked to cell-type associated functions. The secretion of exosomes by tumor cells and their implication in the transport and propagation of infectious cargo such as prions and retroviruses such as HIV suggest their participation in pathological situations. Interestingly, the recent observation that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be transferred to another cell, and be functional in that new environment, is an exciting new development in the unraveling exosome saga. The present review aims to summarize the physical properties that define exosomes as specific cell-type secreted membrane vesicles.
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              Quantitative optical spectroscopy for tissue diagnosis.

              The interaction of light within tissue has been used to recognize disease since the mid-1800s. The recent developments of small light sources, detectors, and fiber optic probes provide opportunities to quantitatively measure these interactions, which yield information for diagnosis at the biochemical, structural, or (patho)physiological level within intact tissues. However, because of the strong scattering properties of tissues, the reemitted optical signal is often influenced by changes in biochemistry (as detected by these spectroscopic approaches) and by physiological and pathophysiological changes in tissue scattering. One challenge of biomedical optics is to uncouple the signals influenced by biochemistry, which themselves provide specificity for identifying diseased states, from those influenced by tissue scattering, which are typically unspecific to a pathology. In this review, we describe optical interactions pursued for biomedical applications (fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, phosphorescence, and Raman from cells, cultures, and tissues) and then provide a descriptive framework for light interaction based upon tissue absorption and scattering properties. Finally, we review important endogenous and exogenous biological chromophores and describe current work to employ these signals for detection and diagnosis of disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                esamomar@hotmail.com
                Journal
                Head Face Med
                Head Face Med
                Head & Face Medicine
                BioMed Central (London )
                1746-160X
                25 March 2015
                25 March 2015
                2015
                : 11
                : 6
                Affiliations
                Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
                Article
                63
                10.1186/s13005-015-0063-z
                4396078
                25889859
                00527ed5-3fe1-4835-b9af-e2dd9fa2d932
                © Omar; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 23 August 2014
                : 4 February 2015
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2015

                Orthopedics
                oral cancer,noninvasive methods,optical biopsy,saliva-based diagnosis
                Orthopedics
                oral cancer, noninvasive methods, optical biopsy, saliva-based diagnosis

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