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      Advancing psychosocial care in cancer patients

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          Abstract

          Cancer is a devastating disease causing significant psychological problems among patients and their families. In the past few decades, there have been growing implementation and dissemination of screening methods for the psychological consequences of cancer, including distress, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and demoralisation. Also, guidelines for the management of psychological distress have been developed and endorsed by a number of scientific cancer associations. This review examines some of the most significant related issues, also focusing on recent advances in psychosocial and psychopharmacological interventions as a part of a mandatory, integrated, and comprehensive approach to cancer care.

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          The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

          Robert Zachariae, Jacob Piet, Hanne Würtzen (2012)
          The use of mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) in oncology settings has become increasingly popular, and research in the field has rapidly expanded. The objective was by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the current evidence for the effect of MBT on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients and survivors. Electronic databases were searched, and researchers were contacted for further relevant studies. Twenty-two independent studies with a total of 1,403 participants were included. Studies were coded for quality (range: 0-4), and overall effect size analyses were performed separately for nonrandomized studies (K = 13, n = 448) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs; K = 9, n = 955). Effect sizes were combined using the random-effects model. In the aggregated sample of nonrandomized studies (average quality score: 0.5), MBT was associated with significantly reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression from pre- to posttreatment corresponding to moderate effect sizes (Hedges\'s g) of 0.60 and 0.42, respectively. The pooled controlled effect sizes (Hedges\'s g) of RCTs (average quality score: 2.9) were 0.37 for anxiety symptoms (p < .001) and 0.44 for symptoms of depression (p < .001). These effect sizes appeared robust. Furthermore, in RCTs, MBT significantly improved mindfulness skills (Hedges\'s g = 0.39). While the overall quality of existing clinical trials varies considerably, there appears to be some positive evidence from relatively high-quality RCTs to support the use of MBT for cancer patients and survivors with symptoms of anxiety and depression.
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            Meaning-centered group psychotherapy: an effective intervention for improving psychological well-being in patients with advanced cancer.

            William Breitbart, Barry Rosenfeld, Hayley Pessin … (2015)
            To test the efficacy of meaning-centered group psychotherapy (MCGP) to reduce psychological distress and improve spiritual well-being in patients with advanced or terminal cancer.
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              Pooled results from 38 analyses of the accuracy of distress thermometer and other ultra-short methods of detecting cancer-related mood disorders.

              Marcia Mitchell (2007)
              Ultra-short screening tools involving fewer than five questions have been recommended as a simple method of detecting distress, anxiety, or depression in cancer settings. Such methods have practical appeal, but their diagnostic accuracy is unclear. A literature search limited to diagnostic validity studies of ultra-short screening in cancer settings identified 38 analyses, including 19 assessing the Distress Thermometer alone, involving a total of 6,414 unique patients. The pooled ability of ultra-short methods to detect depression was given by a sensitivity of 78.4%, a specificity of 66.8%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 34.2%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.4%. Thus these tools were very good at excluding possible cases of depression but poor at confirming a suspected diagnosis. The pooled ability of ultra-short methods to detect anxiety was given by a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 56.6% (PPV, 55.2%; NPV, 80.25%) and for distress a sensitivity of 78.3% and a specificity of 66.5% (PPV, 59.7%; NPV, of 82.8%). Results using the Distress Thermometer alone were similar. Scores of integrated accuracy, using the Youden index and diagnostic odds ratio, suggested modest overall accuracy with least success in diagnosing anxiety disorders. Ultra-short methods were modestly effective in screening for mood disorders. Their rule-in ability was poorer than their rule-out ability. Ultra-short methods cannot be used alone to diagnose depression, anxiety, or distress in cancer patients but they may be considered as a first-stage screen to rule out cases of depression.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Luigi Grassi: Role: ConceptualizationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – Original Draft Preparation
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-4494
                David Spiegel: Role: Writing – Review & Editing
                Michelle Riba: Role: Writing – Review & Editing
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): F1000Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): F1000Res
                Journal ID (pmc): F1000Research
                Title: F1000Research
                Publisher: F1000 Research Limited (London, UK )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2046-1402
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 December 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2083
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University Hospital Psychiatric Unit, Integrated Department of Mental Health and Addictive Behavior, S. Anna University Hospital and Health Trust, Ferrara, Italy
                [2 ]Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
                [3 ]Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
                [4 ]University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
                [5 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
                Author notes

                No competing interests were disclosed.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-4494
                Article
                DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11902.1
                PMC ID: 5717468
                PubMed ID: 29259774
                SO-VID: 006622f3-8fa1-427c-9f39-1afdfd2b8a3c
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Grassi L et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 24 November 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: Stanford Cancer Institute
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute
                Award ID: 197282
                Funded by: Università degli Studi di Ferrara
                Award ID: FAR-2016
                Luigi Grassi acknowledges the support of the University of Ferrara research grant FAR-2016. David Spiegel acknowledges the support of NCI U01 CA 197282 and the Stanford Cancer Institute, an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center.
                The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Articles
                Subject: Anxiety Disorders
                Subject: Mood Disorders
                Subject: Pediatric Hematology
                Subject: Psychiatric Aspects of Somatic Diseases
                Subject: Supportive & Palliative Cancer Care

                Keywords: psycho-oncology,cancer,psychological screening assessment,distress,psychopathology,psychotherapy
                Data availability:
                Keywords: psycho-oncology, cancer, psychological screening assessment, distress, psychopathology, psychotherapy

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