Risk Factors Associated with Sarcopenia Among Independently Mobile, Institutionalised Older People in the Klang Valley of Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Abstract

Background

Studies on sarcopenia among Malaysian older people (OP ≥ 60 years of age) living in the community but not in long-term care (LTC) homes have been reported previously. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia and its risk factors in OP in Malaysian LTC homes.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted with 202 independently mobile OP (males 32%) in seven LTC homes in the Klang Valley of Malaysia. Trained personnel measured their anthropometrics, body composition, gait speed, hand grip strength and timed up-and-go (TUG) duration. Criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia were used to identify the presence of sarcopenia. The mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) was used to determine their nutritional status. Additionally, logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors associated with pre-sarcopenia/sarcopenia.

Results

Pre-sarcopenia/sarcopenia was detected in 103 (51%) OP. The significant risk factors were body mass index (BMI, weight/height ²; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.44, P < 0.001), percentage of body fat (PBF; AOR = 1.26, P < 0.001), age group (≥ 80 years; AOR = 3.63, P = 0.025) and ‘at risk of malnutrition’ status (AOR = 2.63, P = 0.049).

Conclusion

Sarcopenia is common among OP in LCT homes. The risk increases with decreasing BMI, increasing PBF, age ≥ 80 years and suboptimal nutrition status.

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Most cited references 14

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Prevalence and Factors Associated With Sarcopenia in Suburb-dwelling Older Chinese Using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia Definition.

Peipei Han, Li‐Li Kang, Qi Guo … (2016)

Sarcopenia is a common condition in older people. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in an elderly Chinese suburb-dwelling population.

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Validity of segmental multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition of adults across a range of body mass indexes.

K Shafer, K. Johnson, Zachary Siders … (2008)

We compared body composition estimates using an eight-electrode, segmental, multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (segmental MF-BIA) and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a group of healthy adults with a range of body mass indexes (BMIs). Percentage of body fat (%BF), fat-free mass, and fat mass assessed by DXA and segmental MF-BIA in 132 healthy adults were classified by normal (N; 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (OW; 25-29.9 kg/m(2)), and obese (OB; 30-39.9 kg/m(2)) BMI. Compared with DXA, segmental MF-BIA overestimated %BF in the OB BMI group (3.4%; P < 0.0001). MF-BIA overestimated %BF among men (0.75%; P < 0.006) and women (0.87%; P < 0.006) and underestimated it in the N BMI group (-1.56%; P < 0.0001); %BF was not different between methods in the OW BMI group. Error in %BF determined by segmental MF-BIA and DXA increased as %BF increased (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001). Waist circumference was the only significant predictor of systematic error in %BF between MF-BIA and DXA (r = 0.60, P < 0.0001). Eight-electrode, segmental MF-BIA is a valid method to estimate %BF in adults with BMI classified as N and OW, but not as OB. Estimation of trunk resistance with current segmental MF-BIA devices may explain the underestimation of %BF in the adults with OB BMI. Further examination of the effect of waist circumference and body fat distribution on the accuracy of BIA measurements is warranted.

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Prevalence and incidence of sarcopenia in the very old: findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study

Richard Matthew Dodds, Antoneta Granic, Karen Davies … (2016)

Abstract Introduction Recognition that an older person has sarcopenia is important because this condition is linked to a range of adverse outcomes. Sarcopenia becomes increasingly common with age, and yet there are few data concerning its descriptive epidemiology in the very old (aged 85 years and above). Our aims were to describe risk factors for sarcopenia and estimate its prevalence and incidence in a British sample of the very old. Methods We used data from two waves (2006/07 and 2009/10) of the Newcastle 85+ Study, a cohort born in 1921 and registered with a Newcastle/North Tyneside general practice. We assessed sarcopenia status using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) definition. Grip strength was measured using a Takei digital dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Ltd., Niigata, Japan), gait speed was calculated from the Timed Up and Go test, and lean mass was estimated using a Tanita‐305 body fat analyzer. We used logistic regression to examine associations between risk factors for prevalent sarcopenia at baseline and incident sarcopenia at follow‐up. Results European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People sarcopenia was present in 21% of participants at baseline [149/719 participants, mean age 85.5 (0.4) years]. Many participants had either slow gait speed or weak grip strength (74.3%), and hence measurement of muscle mass was frequently indicated by the EWGSOP definition. Incidence data were available for 302 participants, and the incident rate was 3.7 cases per 100 person years at risk. Low Standardized Mini‐Mental State Examination, lower occupational social class, and shorter duration of education were associated with sarcopenia at baseline, while low muscle mass was associated with incident sarcopenia. Low body mass index (BMI) was a risk factor for both in a graded fashion, with each unit decrease associated with increased odds of prevalent [odds ratio (OR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 1.37] and incident (OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.33) sarcopenia. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe prevalence and incidence of EWGSOP sarcopenia in the very old. Low BMI was a risk factor for both current and future sarcopenia; indeed, there was some evidence that low BMI may be a reasonable proxy for low lean mass. Overall, the high prevalence of sarcopenia among the very old suggests that this group should be a focus for future research.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Malays J Med Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Malays J Med Sci

Journal ID (publisher-id): Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences

Title: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences : MJMS

Publisher: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia

ISSN (Print): 1394-195X

ISSN (Electronic): 2180-4303

Publication date (Print): March 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 30 April 2020

Volume: 27

Issue: 2

Pages: 120-128

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia

[2 ]Department of Population Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia

[3 ]Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia

[4 ]Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia

Author notes

Correspondence: Professor Nem Yun Boo, MBBS (Universiti Malaya, Malaysia), MRCP (UK), FRCPCH (UK), Senior Professor, Department of Population Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: +603 90860288 (ext 297), Fax: +603 9019 1959, E-mail: boony@ 123456utar.edu.my

Article

Publisher ID: 13mjms27022020_oa

DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.2.13

PMC ID: 7409580

PubMed ID: 32788848

SO-VID: 006803d1-ced3-482a-9e26-7ff89c979f23

License:

This work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Risk Factors Associated with Sarcopenia Among Independently Mobile, Institutionalised Older People in the Klang Valley of Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Most cited references 14

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Sarcopenia in Suburb-dwelling Older Chinese Using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia Definition.

Validity of segmental multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition of adults across a range of body mass indexes.

Prevalence and incidence of sarcopenia in the very old: findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study

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