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      The Effect of Belief in Free Will on Prejudice

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          Abstract

          The current research examined the role of the belief in free will on prejudice across Han Chinese and white samples. Belief in free will refers to the extent to which people believe human beings truly have free will. In Study 1, the beliefs of Han Chinese people in free will were measured, and their social distances from the Tibetan Chinese were used as an index of ethnic prejudice. The results showed that the more that Han Chinese endorsed the belief in free will, the less that they showed prejudice against the Tibetan Chinese. In Study 2, the belief of the Han Chinese in free will was manipulated, and their explicit feelings towards the Uyghur Chinese were used as an indicator of ethnic prejudice. The results showed that the participants in the condition of belief in free will reported less prejudice towards Uyghur Chinese compared to their counterparts in the condition of disbelief in free will. In Study 3, white peoples’ belief in free will was manipulated, and their pro-black attitudes were measured as an indirect indicator of racial prejudice. The results showed that, compared to the condition of disbelief in free will, the participants who were primed by a belief in free will reported stronger pro-black attitudes. These three studies suggest that endorsement of the belief in free will can lead to decreased ethnic/racial prejudice compared to denial of the belief in free will. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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          An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas.

          Bernard Weiner, Raymond P. Perry, Jamie Magnusson (1988)
          In two experiments, we examined the perceived controllability and stability of the causes of 10 stigmas. Guided by attribution theory, we also ascertained the affective reactions of pity and anger, helping judgments, and the efficacy of five intervention techniques. In the first study we found that physically based stigmas were perceived as onset-uncontrollable, and elicited pity, no anger, and judgments to help. On the other hand, mental-behavioral stigmas were perceived as onset-controllable, and elicited little pity, much anger, and judgments to neglect. In addition, physically based stigmas were perceived as stable, or irreversible, whereas mental-behavioral stigmas were generally considered unstable, or reversible. The perceived efficacy of disparate interventions was guided in part by beliefs about stigma stability. In the second study we manipulated perceptions of causal controllability. Attributional shifts resulted in changes in affective responses and behavioral judgments. However, attributional alteration was not equally possible for all the stigmas.
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            Perspective-taking: decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism.

            Adam D. Galinsky, Gordon B Moskowitz (2000)
            Using 3 experiments, the authors explored the role of perspective-taking in debiasing social thought. In the 1st 2 experiments, perspective-taking was contrasted with stereotype suppression as a possible strategy for achieving stereotype control. In Experiment 1, perspective-taking decreased stereotypic biases on both a conscious and a nonconscious task. In Experiment 2, perspective-taking led to both decreased stereotyping and increased overlap between representations of the self and representations of the elderly, suggesting activation and application of the self-concept in judgments of the elderly. In Experiment 3, perspective-taking reduced evidence of in-group bias in the minimal group paradigm by increasing evaluations of the out-group. The role of self-other overlap in producing prosocial outcomes and the separation of the conscious, explicit effects from the nonconscious, implicit effects of perspective-taking are discussed.
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              The value of believing in free will: encouraging a belief in determinism increases cheating.

              Kathleen Vohs, Jonathan W. Schooler (2008)
              Does moral behavior draw on a belief in free will? Two experiments examined whether inducing participants to believe that human behavior is predetermined would encourage cheating. In Experiment 1, participants read either text that encouraged a belief in determinism (i.e., that portrayed behavior as the consequence of environmental and genetic factors) or neutral text. Exposure to the deterministic message increased cheating on a task in which participants could passively allow a flawed computer program to reveal answers to mathematical problems that they had been instructed to solve themselves. Moreover, increased cheating behavior was mediated by decreased belief in free will. In Experiment 2, participants who read deterministic statements cheated by overpaying themselves for performance on a cognitive task; participants who read statements endorsing free will did not. These findings suggest that the debate over free will has societal, as well as scientific and theoretical, implications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Malte Friese: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 March 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e91572
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
                Saarland University, Germany
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: XZ LL. Performed the experiments: XZ. Analyzed the data: XZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XZ LL XXZ JXS ZWH. Wrote the paper: XZ LL ZWH. Interpreted the results: XZ LL XXZ JXS ZWH.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-32191
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091572
                PMC ID: 3951431
                SO-VID: 006d878b-c4f7-4926-aaa6-4d49b3657bde
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2014
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 16 July 2013
                Date accepted : 13 February 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71071021), the MOE Project of the Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences in University (2009JJDXLX001), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities awarded to Li Liu. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Mental Health
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Social Psychology
                Subject: Non-Clinical Medicine
                Subject: Health Care Policy
                Subject: Ethnic Differences
                Subject: Psychological and Psychosocial Issues
                Subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
                Subject: Anthropology
                Subject: Cultural Anthropology
                Subject: Ethnic Groups
                Subject: Psychological Anthropology
                Subject: Social Anthropology
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Experimental Psychology
                Subject: Human Relations
                Subject: Social Psychology
                Subject: Sociology
                Subject: Culture
                Subject: Cross Culture (Sociology)
                Subject: Demography
                Subject: Ethnic Groups
                Subject: Social Discrimination
                Subject: Racial Discrimination
                Subject: Social Prejudice
                Subject: Social Research
                Subject: Social Stratification

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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