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      Risk of venous thromboembolism in people admitted to hospital with selected immune-mediated diseases: record-linkage study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication during and after a hospital admission. Although it is mainly considered a complication of surgery, it often occurs in people who have not undergone surgery, with recent evidence suggesting that immune-mediated diseases may play a role in VTE risk. We, therefore, decided to study the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in people admitted to hospital with a range of immune-mediated diseases.

          Methods

          We analysed databases of linked statistical records of hospital admissions and death certificates for the Oxford Record Linkage Study area (ORLS1:1968 to 1998 and ORLS2:1999 to 2008) and the whole of England (1999 to 2008). Rate ratios for VTE were determined, comparing immune-mediated disease cohorts with comparison cohorts.

          Results

          Significantly elevated risks of VTE were found, in all three populations studied, in people with a hospital record of admission for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, chronic active hepatitis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myxoedema, pemphigus/pemphigoid, polyarteritis nodosa, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rate ratios were considerably higher for some of these diseases than others: for example, for systemic lupus erythematosus the rate ratios were 3.61 (2.36 to 5.31) in the ORLS1 population, 4.60 (3.19 to 6.43) in ORLS2 and 3.71 (3.43 to 4.02) in the England dataset.

          Conclusions

          People admitted to hospital with immune-mediated diseases may be at an increased risk of subsequent VTE. Our findings need independent confirmation or refutation; but, if confirmed, there may be a role for thromboprophylaxis in some patients with these diseases.

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          Most cited references17

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          Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study.

          Alexander T. Cohen, Victor F Tapson, Jean-François Bergmann … (2008)
          Information about the variation in the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and in prophylaxis practices around the world is scarce. The ENDORSE (Epidemiologic International Day for the Evaluation of Patients at Risk for Venous Thromboembolism in the Acute Hospital Care Setting) study is a multinational cross-sectional survey designed to assess the prevalence of VTE risk in the acute hospital care setting, and to determine the proportion of at-risk patients who receive effective prophylaxis. All hospital inpatients aged 40 years or over admitted to a medical ward, or those aged 18 years or over admitted to a surgical ward, in 358 hospitals across 32 countries were assessed for risk of VTE on the basis of hospital chart review. The 2004 American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) evidence-based consensus guidelines were used to assess VTE risk and to determine whether patients were receiving recommended prophylaxis. 68 183 patients were enrolled; 30 827 (45%) were categorised as surgical, and 37 356 (55%) as medical. On the basis of ACCP criteria, 35 329 (51.8%; 95% CI 51.4-52.2; between-country range 35.6-72.6) patients were judged to be at risk for VTE, including 19 842 (64.4%; 63.8-64.9; 44.1-80.2) surgical patients and 15 487 (41.5%; 41.0-42.0; 21.1-71.2) medical patients. Of the surgical patients at risk, 11 613 (58.5%; 57.8-59.2; 0.2-92.1) received ACCP-recommended VTE prophylaxis, compared with 6119 (39.5%; 38.7-40.3; 3.1-70.4) at-risk medical patients. A large proportion of hospitalised patients are at risk for VTE, but there is a low rate of appropriate prophylaxis. Our data reinforce the rationale for the use of hospital-wide strategies to assess patients' VTE risk and to implement measures that ensure that at-risk patients receive appropriate prophylaxis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 295 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Bidirectional relation between inflammation and coagulation.

            Marcel Levi, Tom van der Poll, Harry Büller (2004)
            Article 0 comments Cited 229 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after acute infection in a community setting.

              Richard B. Hubbard, Liam Smeeth, Claire Cook … (2006)
              Acute infection increases the risk of arterial cardiovascular events, but effects on venous thromboembolic disease are less well established. Our aim was to investigate whether acute infections transiently increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. We used the self-controlled case-series method to study the risk of first deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (n=7278) and first pulmonary embolism (PE) (n=3755) after acute respiratory and urinary tract infections. Data were obtained from records from general practices who had registered patients with the UK's Health Improvement Network database between 1987 and 2004. The risks of DVT and PE were significantly raised, and were highest in the first two weeks, after urinary tract infection. The incidence ratio for DVT was 2.10 (95% CI 1.56-2.82), and that for PE 2.11 (1.38-3.23). The risk gradually fell over the subsequent months, returning to the baseline value after 1 year. The risk of DVT was also higher after respiratory tract infection, but possible diagnostic misclassification precluded a reliable estimate of the risk of PE after respiratory infection. Acute infections are associated with a transient increased risk of venous thromboembolic events in a community setting. Our results confirm that infection should be added to the list of precipitants for venous thromboembolism, and suggest a causal relation.
              Article 0 comments Cited 113 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Med
                Title: BMC Medicine
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-7015
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 January 2011
                Volume: 9
                Page: 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
                [2 ]Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
                [3 ]Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1741-7015-9-1
                DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-1
                PMC ID: 3025873
                PubMed ID: 21219637
                SO-VID: 0089d1e8-439d-4ad4-ad7d-6eb5eb0320e1
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Ramagopalan et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 5 August 2010
                Date accepted : 10 January 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

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