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      Two-dimensional ultrathin Ti 3C 2 MXene nanosheets coated intraocular lens for synergistic photothermal and NIR-controllable rapamycin releasing therapy against posterior capsule opacification

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          Abstract

          Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is one of the most frequent late-onset complications after cataract surgery. Several kinds of drug-eluting intraocular lenses (IOL) were designed for sustainable drug release to suppress ocular inflammation, the proliferation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) and the development of PCO after cataract surgery. Despite previous advances in this field, the drug-loaded IOLs were limited in ocular toxicity, insufficient drug-loading capacity, and short release time. To prevent PCO and to address these drawbacks, a novel drug-loaded IOL (Rapa@Ti 3C 2-IOL), prepared from two-dimensional ultrathin Ti 3C 2 MXene nanosheets and rapamycin (Rapa), was fabricated with a two-step spin coating method in this study. Rapa@Ti 3C 2 was prepared via electrostatic self-assembly of Ti 3C 2 and Rapa, with a loading capacity of Rapa at 92%. Ti 3C 2 was used as a drug delivery reservoir of Rapa. Rapa@Ti 3C 2-IOL was designed to have the synergistic photothermal and near infrared (NIR)-controllable drug release property. As a result, Rapa@Ti 3C 2-IOL exhibited the advantages of simple preparation, high light transmittance, excellent photothermal conversion capacity, and NIR-controllable drug release behavior. The Rapa@Ti 3C 2 coating effectively eliminated the LECs around Rapa@Ti 3C 2-IOL under a mild 808-nm NIR laser irradiation (1.0 W/cm −2). Moreover, NIR-controllable Rapa release inhibited the migration of LECs and suppressed the inflammatory response after photothermal therapy in vitro. Then, Rapa@Ti 3C 2-IOL was implanted into chinchilla rabbit eyes, and the effectiveness and biocompatibility to prevent PCO were evaluated for 4 weeks. The Rapa@Ti 3C 2-IOL implant exhibited excellent PCO prevention ability with the assistance of NIR irradiation and no obvious pathological damage was observed in surrounding healthy tissues. In summary, the present study offers a promising strategy for preventing PCO via ultrathin Ti 3C 2 MXene nanosheet-based IOLs with synergistic photothermal and NIR-controllable Rapa release properties.

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          The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes)

          Armin VahidMohammadi, Johanna Rosén, Yury Gogotsi (2021)
          A decade after the first report, the family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and nitrides (MXenes) includes structures with three, five, seven, or nine layers of atoms in an ordered or solid solution form. Dozens of MXene compositions have been produced, resulting in MXenes with mixed surface terminations. MXenes have shown useful and tunable electronic, optical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties, leading to applications ranging from optoelectronics, electromagnetic interference shielding, and wireless antennas to energy storage, catalysis, sensing, and medicine. Here we present a forward-looking review of the field of MXenes. We discuss the challenges to be addressed and outline research directions that will deepen the fundamental understanding of the properties of MXenes and enable their hybridization with other 2D materials in various emerging technologies.
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            A Two-Dimensional Biodegradable Niobium Carbide (MXene) for Photothermal Tumor Eradication in NIR-I and NIR-II Biowindows.

            Han Lin, Shanshan Gao, Chen Dai … (2017)
            Conventionally, ceramics-based materials, fabricated by high-temperature solid-phase reaction and sintering, are preferred as bone scaffolds in hard-tissue engineering because of their tunable biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, their possible biomedical applications have rarely been considered, especially the cancer phototherapeutic applications in both the first and second near-infrared light (NIR-I and NIR-II) biowindows. In this work, we explore, for the first time as far as we know, a novel kind of 2D niobium carbide (Nb2C), MXene, with highly efficient in vivo photothermal ablation of mouse tumor xenografts in both NIR-I and NIR-II windows. The 2D Nb2C nanosheets (NSs) were fabricated by a facile and scalable two-step liquid exfoliation method combining stepwise delamination and intercalation procedures. The ultrathin, lateral-nanosized Nb2C NSs exhibited extraordinarily high photothermal conversion efficiency (36.4% at NIR-I and 45.65% at NIR-II), as well as high photothermal stability. The Nb2C NSs intrinsically feature unique enzyme-responsive biodegradability to human myeloperoxidase, low phototoxicity, and high biocompatibility. Especially, these surface-engineered Nb2C NSs present highly efficient in vivo photothermal ablation and eradication of tumor in both NIR-I and NIR-II biowindows. This work significantly broadens the application prospects of 2D MXenes by rationally designing their compositions and exploring related physiochemical properties, especially on phototherapy of cancer.
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              Antibacterial Activity of Ti₃C₂Tx MXene.

              Kashif Rasool, Mohamed Helal, Adnan Ali … (2016)
              MXenes are a family of atomically thin, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and carbonitrides with many attractive properties. Two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx (MXene) has been recently explored for applications in water desalination/purification membranes. A major success indicator for any water treatment membrane is the resistance to biofouling. To validate this and to understand better the health and environmental impacts of the new 2D carbides, we investigated the antibacterial properties of single- and few-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes in colloidal solution. The antibacterial properties of Ti3C2Tx were tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) by using bacterial growth curves based on optical densities (OD) and colonies growth on agar nutritive plates. Ti3C2Tx shows a higher antibacterial efficiency toward both Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive B. subtilis compared with graphene oxide (GO), which has been widely reported as an antibacterial agent. Concentration dependent antibacterial activity was observed and more than 98% bacterial cell viability loss was found at 200 μg/mL Ti3C2Tx for both bacterial cells within 4 h of exposure, as confirmed by colony forming unit (CFU) and regrowth curve. Antibacterial mechanism investigation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay indicated the damage to the cell membrane, which resulted in release of cytoplasmic materials from the bacterial cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent and independent stress induction by Ti3C2Tx was investigated in two separate abiotic assays. MXenes are expected to be resistant to biofouling and offer bactericidal properties.
              Article 0 comments Cited 385 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
                Title: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2296-4185
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 August 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 989099
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Senior Department of Ophthalmology , The Third Medical Center , The Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
                [2] 2 Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai Electric Power Hospital , Shanghai, China
                [3] 3 Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai East Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [4] 4 Suzhou Beike Nano Technology Co., Ltd. , Suzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Jiangsu University, China

                Reviewed by: Adnan Haider, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Pakistan

                Abdul Basit, Zhejiang Normal University, China

                *Correspondence: Huihui Hu, 2695306848@ 123456qq.com ; Qing He, ; Haiying Jin, jinhaiying666@ 123456163.com ; Zhaohui Li, doctorlzhyk301@ 123456163.com
                [ † ]

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Biomaterials, a section of the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

                Article
                Publisher ID: 989099
                DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.989099
                PMC ID: 9468448
                PubMed ID: 36110318
                SO-VID: 009a2cb9-8a4b-42a3-bf01-b2b7df03b239
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 Ye, Huang, Li, Ma, Gao, Hu, He, Jin and Li.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 08 July 2022
                Date accepted : 01 August 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: posterior capsule opacification,rapamycin,ti3c2 nanosheets,photothermal therapy,nir-controlled,intraocular lens
                Data availability:
                Keywords: posterior capsule opacification, rapamycin, ti3c2 nanosheets, photothermal therapy, nir-controlled, intraocular lens

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